Chirungu yokutungamirira Tomas Kromvel: Biography

Tomas Kromvel - yokutungamirira Tudor, nenyeredzi rokutanga zvikuru muBritish zvipfuwo uye vatorwa wokuti navatanhatu remakore. Emakore anoverengeka okutonga kwake chaiyo England akasunda chitsuwa rimwe zvikuru nyika dzokuEurope. Kusiyana chipangamazano wake uye shamwari, Cardinal Wolsey, akanga asina royalist kana mupristi. Tomas Kromvel aiva gweta, uye zvose zvavo namaoko akaratidza kudhakwa uye kodzera.

Uduku uye kuyaruka

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1485 mune rimwe kupfuura mibvunzo nzvimbo London akaberekwa Tomas Kromvel. The Biography kuti nhamba iyi inotanga pana Putney, apo mukupera neshanu remakore, kuenda ose the scum guru British. baba vake aiva Brewer uye kumwene weimba, vaisiyana nehasha uye vachirwara kutsamwa, uye kwete averse kuti kubiridzirwa duku. Hazvishamisi, Tomas Kromvel nokukurumidza akasiya mhuri uye akatanga kurarama upenyu huzere adventures uye muEngland uye kondinendi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwechinguva akashanda se condottiere French muItaly, akazvisiyanisa akawanda rutsigiro rwemauto. Asi upenyu Musoja wacho haana nezvaanoda ake. Kutiza kubva kuhondo Cromwell akaripira mushandi nyore ari rwezvemabhengi mumba Frescobaldi. Nokuda zvepanyama zvaiti uye kuziva mitauro, akava munhu waunovimba pakati pakati bhenga. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Cromwell akavimba pedyo kupfuura vatevedzere zviri kutengeserana - semuenzaniso, zvose kubhangi kuti ukama Vatican Kutarisirwa vakapfuura ake. Mushure mechinguva Cromwell ane nzvimbo yakafanana chinzvimbo muna Antwerp, uye ipapo - ari mutsvina yadzo, izvo pamazuva iwayo ari korona yeBritain. Pamwe chete nemavambo-up guru Cromwell akasarudza kudzokera kuEngland. Rinotanga remakore rechi16, uye nawo - rinotevera Danho hwake.

Life muEngland

Pashure pokuyambuka Chirungu Channel, Cromwell vakagara muLondon. Pakutanga akanga zvishoma Kutengesa dzemakwai uye nyama siyana. Wakati asvika mhedziso kuti upenyu dzomutengesi kwete nezvaanoda ake, Tomas Kromvel akadzidziswa uye akava gweta. Natural uchenjeri uye achitsetsenura vakakurumidza akamuita rimwe akabudirira zvikuru magweta muLondon.

Pakati pezana 20 remakore rechi16, iye vanosangana pamwe Cardinal Thomas Wolsey - mumwe wevanhu vaya aisiita zvematongerwe muumambo. T. Cromwell akatora Cardinal Munyori. Vaiva akafanana chaizvo uye runako, uye kuda chinzvimbo. Sezvo nguva dzakaratidza, kufanana ichi uye zvinotarisirwa vatambi vane basa rinokosha - vose vaiva chinzvimbo uye akangwara, vose vakatsvaka kuunza pasi creaking Ages muboka revatungamiriri uye kwenguva yakareba zvakanga anofungidzirwa varairiri kugadzikana Henry VIII.

muchato

Maererano vomuzuva, Cromwell vaisiyana frivolity uye akaputsa nehadzi mwoyo zhinji. Asi pamutemo akaroora kamwe chete. Paakanga ari bhenga, akaroora Elizabeth Uaykis, uyo aiva nevana vatatu. Mwanasikana Anna uye Grace akafa muduku, uye mwanakomana wake aiva mumwe yamambo. Aitsigira Tomas Kromvel uye muzukuru wake Richard. Naizvozvo, uchava mukuru-sekuru yakakurumbira Oliver Cromwell. Saka, Tomas Kromvel uye Oliver Kromvel - kuita hama uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende, panguva dzakasiyana, zvakachinja nhoroondo nyika yake yaakaberekerwa.

Kutanga Reformation

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa nharaunda umo Cromwell akatanga rinoitirwa rake. NeEngland Henry VIII aiva nyika vechidiki, vakawanda vacho vakanga kunyange makore makumi maviri. tsika Chirungu uye nzanga nguva vakazadzwa nomudzimu vechidiki. Kuvhima, Tournaments, nokurwisana, vachishandisa uye hondo mbiri - Ndivo chikuru zvidzidzo Tudor youth. Uye Henry pachake ndichiri muduku. Akafarira kubatana chendarama youth, nguva dzose kusiya mudzimai wake wakazvipira Catherine, aiva muKaturike akazvipira. Panguva iyoyowo, mambo akasangana (kana shamwari dzake) pamwe muduku Anne Boleyn, izvo Anopatsanura zvadzinofarira uye zvaunofarira zviri pamambo. upenyu huno ngochani zvaida guru upfumi zvemari.

inomera Protestantism

Panguva ino, ari Germany mupristi wechiduku kure Luther King akatanga kushingirira ake pamusoro kwebasa raPapa. Hatigoni kutaura kuti zvitendero nemaonero ose muparidzi ari kure aiva mutsindo simba pamusoro pamambo, mumwe mambo aizivikanwa tsamba umo iye akashora zvakasimba itsva muitiro. Asi Henry VIII nokukurumidza vakaziva chinokwezva divi manyepo itsva, uye akaona mavari mukana zvinetso zvavo kupfuura nokukurumidza:

• kuputsa muchato pamwe Katerinoy Aragonskoy;
• kuti Redirect aibuda mari kubva muhomwe vapristi veKaturike muchifarira papfuma yamambo;
• kudzima zvinoitwa kwebasa raPapa rake umambo.

The kurambirwa Pope Clement kuti ashaise wanano mambokadzi Henry VIII kumanikidzwa kuita matanho, mhedzisiro yaiva Chirungu Reformation. King akamedura muchato chete mambokadzi uye akaroorwa tenzikadzi wake Anne Boleyn haripindiki. Saka utsvene, hachimbokundikani kwebasa raPapa muna Chirungu umambo husingazununguswi zvakakomba. Achipindura kuti rushambwa iziviswe neDare Vatican, Henry akazviti musoro Chechi England. Akarayira zvenyika yose yemamongi Estates, achitora nzvimbo huru chitsuwa yave ichibudiswa. Chokwadi, paiva vatsigiri vakawanda Catholic Church vakasaziva kurambana waMambo uye vakarasikirwa misoro yavo nokuda zvavanotenda. Handina kupfuura mugumo ichi, uye Thomas Wolsey. Akanga vakamutorera rokuremekedza ake Ishe chanzera uye gare gare vaurayiwa.

Asi Reformation sangano iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuwana simba raro. Vatsigiri echiKaturike vakatsvaka kudzorera simba rayo munzanga Chirungu. Asi Reformation kwakaitika, uye Chirungu Protestantism zvishoma nezvishoma rakapararira umambo.

meteoric vosimba

Cromwell Kuda simba akanga akasiyana nevamwe, uye nguva kwayo rakaenderana nguva apo Henry aida mushumiri akavimbika uye simba. Cromwell kupinda kune vehurumende yakatanga kusvika gore 1530, kubva panguva iyi, basa rake anoita meteoric kuwedzera.

The thirties of navatanhatu remakore chaiva nguva huru kunoparirwa uye kuchinja chokuita kuparadzwa rekare nzira Chirungu youpenyu. Cromwell akauya simba ari mutsigiri Anne Boleyn. Wolsey aisagona kuchinja asarudza uye vakaramba kubvuma itsva mudzimai Henry VIII, Mambokadzi England. Saka, akanga abviswa pachigaro uye ne rake protégé. Nomination Cromwell aiva mumwe kupfuura kubudirira vashandi wokuti korona Chirungu.

kubudirira Cromwell

Pakati rinonyatsooneka mabasa ose enyika akanga:

• Pokufa dzemamongi uye kugadzwa Royal chikuru mune zvose zvenyika uye Ecclesiastical nyaya. Cromwell akatambudza vapristi vechiKaturike uye vatsigiri dzeRoma, chakagumisa dzemamongi, pamwe mamongi kudzinga nyika unozotevera kuchinjirwa kune Crown. Nokuti ake kurerutsa wokuti Cromwell ashandira remadunhu- The Hammer mamongi.
• Development uye kukurudzira mitemo mitsva munyika, nyika yokutendeutsa uye zvenyika, netwakawandawanda mitero yavo uye anoreva nhema.
• Kuwedzera youmambo simba pesvedzero muna North of England, Wales uye Ireland. Zviito izvi zvakagumbura guru feudal madzishe uye kwakaita kuti mhirizhonga kuti zvoutsinye woutsinye.
• Kushandiswa muchina wokudhinda kuti bhuku nemirayiro rokunyika uye zvechitendero mabhuku. Kuti rukudzo runobva kuna mabhuku Thomas Cromwell Bhaibheri Chirungu. chiitiko ichi kwakaitika muna 1539.

courtiers chaizvoizvo

Somunhu wakangwara uye pakuverenga dare, Cromwell nenguva kuona zvishoma nuances ari maitiro mambo uye kazhinji zvinopindura zvaanotenda negwara risiri. Somuenzaniso, mune rusarura yayo zvikuru vakazvipira mutsigiri Anny Boleyn, akatanga akaonekwa. Asi sezvo kutonhora pamambo manzwiro Cromwell vakachinja mafungiro ayo akananga Anna. Akapedzisira akabatana vazhinji, izvo akasimbisa chokwadi hurumende Anna, uye akanga kuchitsigira mutsigiri mutongo Boleyn uye kuroorana itsva namambo.

Awards uye nzvimbo

The King akarumbidza kuzvipira Cromwell. Kashoma chero wezvematongerwe enyika vakakwanisa nguva dzose kuva yerera uye kutevera nzira imwe kuchinja uye tikaisa mambo. Pakutsaurirwa Henry Cromwell chimvuramabwe wokunaya ehurumende mibayiro uye nominations. Heano chikuru kwawakabva ebasa rake youmambo:

• 1531 - Nhengo kuchimbudzi Council.
• 1533 - chanzera of Exchequer weEngland.
• 1534 - munyori King uye sachigaro Court Yakwidzwa.
• 1536 - Ishe achizivawo Seal.

• 1537 - Knight of Garter uye mukuru mukuru University of Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

Pamugumo hwake Cromwell akapiwa musoro kangani. Zvisinei, kushandisa mashoko matsva wenyaya Earl pakati zimbabwe akakwanisa muvhiki shomanana. Vasina kushandura zvavanodavira kamwe zvakare, Tomas Kromvel akanga vaifungidzirwa youmambo hurumende. Panguva musangano kuchimbudzi Council, akasungwa ndokuurayiwa pashure pfupi pedare Tower aine makore 65.