Chii tsvimborume: shoko

Zvichida zvishoma chizvarwa chevechiduku vachakwanisa kutsanangura kana Unozivei cottager. Shoko akawira kubva mutauro nezuva. vanhu vakwegura kusonganira ichi izwi kazhinji pamwe pfungwa "tsvimborume", asi ayo kukosha zvakawanda zvikuru.

ane zvakawanda izwi

Shoko rine anoreva zvakafanana zhinji. It zahrebetnik uye mushandi, mushandi uye sharecropper, mushandi uye tsvimborume uye kuroorwa, nezhenatik asina kugadziriswa, kwete tenzi, kunyange mumongi uye proletarian. Nokupfupikisa ose anoreva zvakafanana, saka unogona kupindura mubvunzo kuti cottager. Uyu munhu, asina imba kana musha. Chokwadi, mudzimai kana. Bach - kwete chaiyo fanano. Shoko rokuti "bach and" ane zvaimushungurudza coloring. Izvi anonyanya munhu hachisi evanopfurikidza, asi ane basa uye kwete dzinonakidza, varombo uye mupemhi (kazhinji vapfumi anogona kutenga kufarira pacharo), iri zvikuru asingafari pakukwegura kwake, apo hapana chinogona kuvandudza dambudziko rake.

Kuratidza misoro vari mabhuku uye nounyanzvi

Munhu akadaro hwaswedera V. G. Perov. A mufananidzo duku rinonzi "Guitarist-bach and". Murume uyu yezvinongoerekana haana neunyengedzi uye tariro. Murombo, aine ngadzirambe anopenya wakarovererwa upenyu munhu, iye ino hapana anoda. Akasatendera shabby, asi majombo ake uye bhachi unogona kutenga imwe waini, dzaanoridza mumhanzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, urombo hwake kwazvo. Uye hakuna basa hwakatsaurirwa vakaraswa vanhu. Sergei Yesenin ave kusunga nyaya "Bobyl uye DEVI." Admirers pamusoro Sergei Lemeshev vanoshamwaridzana "Rwiyo pokugara pomutadzi" kubva repertoire yake, iyo inotanga nemashoko "Hapana imba kana musha."

kirasi chishongedzo

Saka chii tsvimborume? Pathetic kusurukirwa murume? Uye ichi zvakare. Asi shoko midzi kure kare (Vhesi yokutanga 1500 inoreva gore), rinomiririra varimi imwe mhando. Kamornikov, Bobylev, holupnikami, kutnikami rinonzi landless kana nyika-murombo nhengo dzekirasi ichi. Nokuda Mhedziso urombo bobyli veawa kugara naHama kuti zvokudya. vanhu ava vaiva saka murombo kuti pane imwe nguva vakanga vasina mutero uye anonzi - bestyagolnye, netyaglovye. Asi kubva 1631 bobyli, akanga dare rake, akava zvaisanganisira kuziva mari uye basa romumunda. Asi kubva 1679-fung simbi mutero bobyli kwakadaro kuzviuru uye saka equaled varimi. Panyaya iyi, mubvunzo kuti ndiye cottager kunogona akapindura sezvinotevera: munhu, uyo akanga kumanikidzwa mubayiro basa.

Maererano neimwe shanduro, wokutanga bobyli akazviratidza pakuguma XV remakore muMoscow. Izwi anonzi varanda kondirakiti. Zvinhu vakanga zvikuru kupfuura kuti vanhu vari muhusungwa nokuda muridzi nokuti cottager akaita basa tenzi, kunyimwa kodzero dzose, uye kunze, akanga achiri kubhadhariswa mari chero mitero (yakawanda yaiva mutero pamuripo rusununguko rwavo). Pasina yakakwana mari uye hazviiti mari yavo uye kubuda havagoni kuva akaipa.

Dog-murombo

Pasinei kududzirwa kweshoko zhinji, musimboti ndechokuti vaya vanonzi landless, vaiva varombo vanhu Russia. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, yokutanga nguva shoko rokuti yakabuda yokutanga yezana XVI remakore. Moscow vanyori vakatanga kushandisa shoko pamwe "pozemschikami" uye "nepashennymi vanhu." Under dzose mazita aya anoreva vanhu vasina nyika yavo. Vaiva nemhizha maindasitiri vanhu: mhizha uye Sweden Kalachnikov, cobblers, vafudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mune dzimwe kwevanhu Zemsky nemadhikoni uye muteresi. By bobylkam chinzvimbo uye chirikadzi murombo.

Mitero inobhadharwa zvose

Sezvatotaurwa, vaya vainzi landless vari kunonyorwa, uyewo varimi, sezvinoita zvose zviri Russia. Vakabhadhara uye yamskih uye kusiyirira mari (mhando mitero), asi mitero iyi kuzviuru zvakasiyana. Kana mitero iri vanhuwo zvavo vakatora Soham (kubhadhara mutero-chairema mitero muRussia kubva XIII kusvikira XVII remakore), kubva landless uye nepashennyh vanhu vakatora ura hwavo, rwokugadzira uye makubhiti. Saka, maererano "mazana" (munyori kana nhoroondo bhuku) muna 1627 pamwe nemitero kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakatora panyika arable uye nyika landless - Fisheries uye dzinokara. Mumabhuku aya, shoko "tsvimborume" - nomutemo izwi, anosarudza iyo vanhu vakaderera mumwe ndezvevanhu, umo vanhu vechibharo mitero.

mavara Dark munhau

Zvino, chokwadi, kunomutsa mubvunzo wokuti nei zvakajeka uye anonzwisisika okuti "pozemschiki" kana "nepashennye vanhu" vari XVI remakore, rava womutariri kujeka shoko "tsvimborume". Pane yakawanda zvisingazivikanwi, uye hapana ari gwaro harinyatsotauri nei. "Vanhu Nepashennye" vakawanda havana oga, vane mhuri, dzimwe nguva pakanga vanhuwo zvavo dzakapfuma, risina kumbobvira Zvakacherechedzwa kuti landless. City vamiriri boka iri vaiva pabasa, asi vanhuwo zvavo bobyli akanga chinhu. Kana vakatora nyika uye basa, asi kuti dzifunge, asi haana kuisa pachivanze chake. Kakawanda bobyli-vanhuwo zvavo aigara dzemamongi, zvakare kurapwa nyika vamwe vanhu uye akaripawo chero mitero. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti nokuuya pamusoro XVII remakore serfdom uye kubatana kwakaita vanhuwo zvavo zvino abatwa kwazvo kukwira azvino nokusaruramisira kusvika landless.

Kure uye akanganwa

Kuti vave landless, ndaifanira kunyora "bobylskuyu haaripi mutero chinyorwa", maererano iyo munhu anobviswa kodzero, uye zvokudya uye dzimwe mbatya vakagamuchira chete mabasa. On dzakadaro zvabvumiranwa chete varombo chaizvo vanhu, nekuti vakanga chaizvoizvo vakaripira muuranda. Panyaya iyi, shoko "tsvimborume" riri akafanana ne zvinoreva shoko "proletarian": vaviri pasina kurasikirwa asi ngetani dzavo.

Zvechokwadi, bach and - izwi rine vanopfuura mumwe rinoreva, kana iwe yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora musimboti mubvunzo. Nokuti rudzi ano, muchirwira Mhedziso rusununguko, zvinoita mhuka, kunyange shoko "tsvimborume", chii ipapo cottager. izwi iri kana arangarira mukati zvaanoreva. Uye kuti mubvunzo pamusoro sei shoko chinonzi murimi asina kuva nomunda, kupindura wandei.

Zvinofadza Mabviro ezwi rokuti ndiyewo kwete pachena. Kune nzira dzakawanda, asi zvinoita sokuti kazhinji ndiye rinobatanidza Nezvekwakabva shoko ne "bhinzi" - chiratidzo urombo zvakadzama. "Garai pasi bhinzi" - kurasikirwa nezvose.