Chii Numismatics: tsananguro. sainzi numismatics

Vanhu vazhinji vanoshamisika numismatics chii. Tsanangudzo iri, uyewo zviri enhoroondo kukura nesayenzi chaizvo dzinonakidza mashoko anoenderana dzakawanda unhu yakakurumbira nedzekare emakore.

Numismatics anofarira vanhu vakawanda - zviri kwavari mari vane tsika uye nhoroondo kukosha, nokuti izvo vachida kuenda kumugumo wenyika. Vateresi ose ehondo kuedza kuwana mumwe isingawanzowanikwi mari uye muzadze muunganidzwa yenyu. Yeuka zvakare kuti kana uchida kunakidzwa chaizvo, sezvo numismatics, mari mitengo kunogona inoshamisa zvikuru. Kuti avo muunganidzwa zvinodhura chaizvo, zvinoda haangogoni mubhizimisi webasa uye mwoyo murefu, asi yakawanda mari (kana iri here chisingawanzowaniki zviitiko).

zvichireva

Chii Numismatics? Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki "nomos" zvinoreva murayiro kana wepamutemo nyoro, uye "NOMIZMA" atova rinoreva "mari". Pacharo numismatics - sayenzi Mari, zvino ndiyo ebetsero nhoroondo chirango kuti vanodzidza nhoroondo mari uye coinage.

Kusiyana nomuteresi uye numismatist

Pane akasiyana zvachose pfungwa dzakadai "numismatic yakaungana" uye "numismatics somunhu nesayenzi." Aingova muteresi achava zvikuru kuziva haisi nhoroondo kukosha mari, uye ayo husiri nyore kuwana, uyewo siyana zvinoyevedza zvinhu. Asi kana isu nezvazvo numismatics somunhu sainzi, mari ndiwo chinhu chinokosha kudzidza dzinoverengeka zvinokosha munhoroondo dzinotsanagura inotungamirwa nokuwa yose nyika vavo vokune dzimwe mamiriro ezveupfumi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu paruzhinji.

Somuenzaniso, zviri kubva masayendisiti izvi kuvimba nezvedzidziso dzose yaigara mari. Ivo kuongorora kwete chete mari asiwo macheki, Coupons, kushambadza, makadhi siyana uye zvimwe. Nokudaro, kwaiva muna 1960 rinobatanidza rokuti "exonumia", iro rinoreva nekunhonga siyana zvekumwe numismatic mubhadharo zviridzwa kuti murege kuwira pasi muchikwata che pamutemo vakagamuchirwa neHurumende. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuyeukwa yesimbi, nemhando dzose matkamuistoja muchimiro Banknotes kana mari kuti wapiwa pachiitiko mhemberero.

Kukosha nechitarisiko numismatics

It oosznavaya kukosha nechitarisiko kutanga akadaro, uchakwanisa kunzwisisa chii numismatics. Kutsunga rinoratidza kuti izvi zvidzidzo sayenzi kwete chete mhando dzakasiyana Mari, asiwo bepa mari, Medals, Badges.

Numismatics sainzi anopa mashoko pamusoro siyana mamiriro ezveupfumi avanhu venyika dzakasiyana, eras. Shandisa Mari unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvenhoroondo enyika kana nzvimbo. Masayendisiti kudzidza achishandisa muripo kwakadaro, zadza blanks munzvimbo kutsika nomunhu marudzi uye dzomunyika dzavo kukura nhoroondo. Ndokusaka numismatics hunonyatsobatana kuti symbology, epigraphs, iconology, uyewo uri nhoroondo.

Nyaya numismatics somunhu sainzi

chido kwakadaro, sezvo numismatics, akaonekwa muRoma yekare, yakanga pashure wakaiswa panguva Renaissance MuItaly, apo vakapararira mberi uye European nyika. Panguva iyoyo varume vakachenjera venyika vari kutanga kunyora vakadzidza akadhindwa ari Fani iyi, iyo iri akatsanangura zvakadzama musimboti zvakasiyana siyana mifananidzo uye zvakanyorwa pamusoro mari.

Eckel - pamwe nokutora ichi yeAustria musayendisiti chiremera vakabatana mapepa kwesayenzi mumunda numismatics Chokwadi, ndiye akatanga wokutanga enderana tsvakurudzo nezvenyaya iyi. Muzana XVIII remakore muVienna rakabudiswa mavhoriyamu masere rinonzi "The Science Mari yekare" I. I. Ekkelya - iri kubva iyi, kudzidza mari akavapo.

Nzendo dziri Kushanduka sayenzi Mari

Saka, nhoroondo numismatics. Pane huru muzvikamu zviviri ayo shanduka, achipfuura kuti, iye akazviratidza pamberi pedu muchimiro umo tinoziva zvakanaka.

Chii Numismatics? sainzi ichi chakauya refu nedanho inotungamirwa, Chokwadi zvachose hunotsigirwa mari. Chokutanga danho zvinosanganisira paraiitwa raiva rakakurumbira zvakakwana kuti vashambadzirane sezvo chete nzira yokuwana zvakunotibatsira hapana pfungwa chii mari.

Chechipiri danho rakatanga nepfungwa yokuti ndarama aita chinokosha-noenderana chete iyo Exchange kunogona kuva chinhu.

Naizvozvo kwaiva mari yendarama nesirivha wokutanga. State guru aigadzira mari kuti vave akafanana uremu uye chimiro, uye anoratidza ukoshi dzakasiyana siyana.

Ndizvo chete Danho iri rakatanga kuberekwa numismatics, kuti vateresi vokutanga. Vakarufahli zvinhu uye nezuva kushandiswa hazvo - chete chinhu chakanga akakurumbira kare.

Surplus pachake akaita zvigadzirwa munogara vakatsinhanisa kuti chinhu zvikuru veimba. Nokufamba akaenda zvose - anoshongwa, matehwe, machira uye zvakawanda.

Matangiro Mari

Single shanduro sei mari okutanga kuoneka uye sei vanotarira, kwete. Vatsvakurudzi Vazhinji vanoti kuti mambo Argos muna Aegina yakagadzirwa mari yokutanga. A duku chikamu masayendisiti anodavira kuti ichi kwaibatanidza vokuRidhiya muna VI remakore BC. Uyewo, pane maonero kuti vagari reMediterranean Ionia vaiva vokubhengi rokutanga VII remakore BC. Zvinyorwa nezvifananidzo pamari dzinoratidzira vatongi huru, kana kuti vehondo, zvinokosha zvakaitika kare uye enyika zviitiko. Izvi zvinoshanda zvechiuto chiito, womukati nokurwa pehurumende simba, siyana kuchinja dzechitendero, uye zvakawanda.

Metal nemari yekare

Nyanzvi dzakawanda kupa mhinduro yakasiyana yomubvunzo wokuti chii numismatics. Vamwe uchapupu kuti vanhu vari kuda mari, kwete kuunganidza navo akaunganidzwa dzavo, Tesha maturo, kureva, vatsvakurudzi nekunhonga chinhu.

Mari Asia Minor uye Greece zvakagadzirwa nesirivha nendarama. China akasiyana vari yakagadzirwa mhangura yavo. Zvishoma gare gare zano iri akava akakurumbira zvikuru uye siyana alloys. Izvi zvinoshandawo yendarira bilona, nendarira. The Mari goridhe akawedzera shoma mhangura - Zvakazoitika ligation, mharidzo iyo ndakatsunga sezvo chikamu nguva chikamu yemhangura. Mharidzo anogara pakutsvaga nehurumende.

Papera chinguva ari akawedzera aruminiyamu alloys, nickel, kutungamirira uye dzimwe simbi kuti mari yakawanda Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye vanopfeka nemishonga ichishanda.

Stories ndivo zviitiko apo hurumende yakabudisa mari itsva, iyo vane sangano sezvo aimbova, asi vakanga vakaderera quality, uye chikamu nesimbi inokosha mavari zvakanga zvakati yakaderera. kuderedzwa ichi chaiva imwe yenzira kuwana.

Chinangwa Mari yekare

Chii Numismatics? Definition ichifarirwa nevakawanda. Kutanga kunzwisisa chinangwa mari.

Pakuvamba, vakanga kushandiswa kwete chete nokuda Implementation usapinde turnover, asiwo kuyeuka. vasunungurwa raigona yakarongwa kuti iitike chero chiitiko chinokosha. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinoshanda kuumba "kunoona mints," "rufu" kana zvikasadaro "mukuregererwa kwezvivi." It anoziva mari chaiyo iyo vakapfuura kuuraya mutongi kana pamudyandigere zvakare - ". Pfennig Hamburg kuuraya" Mari yakanga yakagadzirwa kuti rokuberekwa kwake uye rumwe, misi hakukoshi. Science numismatics Zvidzidzo mari yakadaro mumwe nomumwe, achipa yakafanira kufunga zvose munhau kuti akafurira rwayo.

Zvakafanana dzakakurumbira mari "kushanyira mints." Mienzaniso Chinokosha ndivo vane mukana 2-chitambi wakabudiswa muumambo Saxony kuzoshanyira Kings Mint Myuldenhyutten mumakore 1900, uyewo mari Warsaw Mint kuti purezidhendi muPoland muna 1920s. Ndivo kunyanya kudiwa munyika vateresi vanhasi.

Kommomerativnye yesimbi, nyaya iyo zvikuru yakarongwa kuti iitike chero mutambo unokosha, zvikuru anotsvakwa nevanhu vateresi ano.

Modern matarenda Russian

Numismatics chinosiyanisa vamwe chaizvo zvinokosha mari Russian, kukosha iyo zvichisiyana chiuru rubles kuti 400 zviuru rubles por mugove.

Izvi zvinoshanda shanu masendi muna 2002, apo pasina chemindi chiratidzo. Nomutengo mari yakadaro - zviuru zvina mana. Somuenzaniso, 5 masendi 2003 kusunungurwa zvakaurayisa 800 rubles mana.

Kune mari, icho kunyange mabhanga kuwana mubayiro. Somuenzaniso, 5 rubles muna 2003, iyo dzakabudisa St. Petersburg Mint, kubhangi chichange dzinoongororwa muna 5000 rubles por mugove, asi avo numismatic anokosha kupfuura kaviri.

Imwe Ruble cha2003 Coin kuruoko zviuru 10 rubles. 50 masendi 2001, nekanzuru Moscow Mint - 100 zviuru zvinenge.

2 rubles 2001, nekanzuru iyo Moscow Mint yaikosha 100 zviuru rubles. The chete inoenda nemari mumasangano 1 Ruble 2001.

It anotevera kubva mhedziso ichi, icho chitandadzo zvinodhura - numismatics. Mitengo zvinhu nokuda chaizvoizvo chinobatsira muunganidzwa dzimwe prohibitively kumusoro.