Chii mutauro maitiro yayo marongerwo?

Chii mutauro hurongwa? Chii chinoita kuti yakasiyana siyana nezvimwe streamlined mitauro mashoko? Language hurongwa ndiye iine kwomutauro zvinhu. Zvinokosha kuti havapo voga, asi vari titsigire. Nokuumba rimwe chete uye zvakakwana hurongwa. Mumwe nomumwe yenhengo dzayo vane imwe kukosha.

mamiriro

Language hurongwa Handingambofungi pasina vamapoka mutauro, zvese, vatambi, uye zvichingodaro. D. Vose zvinhu izvi zviri akapeta kupinda zvinonyatsorehwa chivako ane zvacho. Pamwe chete kuumba munhu zvishoma zvinokosha zvinoriumba kwakakonzerwa dzakakwirira nhanho. Language Hurongwa rinosanganisira duramazwi. It anonzi uwandu, izvo zvinosanganisira kugadzirira akagadzirwa vamapoka mutauro. The mashandiro ose coupling ndiyo girama.

In mutauro ose pane dzimwe nzvimbo kuti zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe ehupfumi dzavo. Somuenzaniso, zvinogona siyana uye dzavo kusachinja-chinja. Saka, shanduko kunyange chimwe chinhu phonology vanokwanisa kuchinja mutauro yose seboka, nepo mune zvakaitika mashoko izvi hazviitiki. Mukuwedzera, hurongwa anosanganisira arikunze uye pakati.

Pfungwa mamiriro

Kuwedzera rokuti "mitauro hurongwa", wemukoma pfungwa mitauro mamiriro. Vamwe nyanzvi dzemitauro funga navo zvakafanana, zvimwe - kwete. Kududzira anosiyana, asi pakati pavo pane zvikuru nevanhu. Maererano nomumwe wavo, nemamiriro mutauro chinoratidzwa mune ukama pakati zvinhu ayo. Uyewo dzakakurumbira tichienzanisa pamatanda. Sechivako mutauro unogona kunzi kuva nguva dzose noukama uye kubatana pakati vamapoka mutauro. Vari anokonzerwa hunhu uye munguva mashandiro uye zvechadenga hurongwa.

nyaya

Mafungiro kuti mutauro sezvo nehurongwa kumhuka pamusoro emakore akawanda. maonero aya wakaradzikwa nokuda grammarians vekare. Zvisinei, munguva yazvino pfungwa rokuti "mutauro mamiriro" yakabuda chete mazuva ano anoonga basa inozvikudza masayendisiti akadai Ferdinand of Saussure, Wilhelm of Humboldt, August Schleicher uye Ivan Boduen of Courtenay.

Wokupedzisira nyanzvi dzemitauro izvi akataura anokosha mitauro dzakabatana: phoneme, grapheme, morpheme. Saussure aiva muvambi yokuti mutauro (gadziriro) ndiyo chakatarisana matauriro. Dzidziso iyi yakatanga nevadzidzi vake uye vateveri. Saka pakanga kurangwa rose - STRUCTURAL zvemutauro.

nhanho

Dzinokosha siyana vari Tiered mutauro hurongwa (anonziwo subsystems). Izvi zvinosanganisira homogeneous kwomutauro dzakabatana. Mumwe pamwero ine yakatarwa rayo mitemo kuti ayo kupatsanura kunobva. Mukati rimwe weDanho chikwata noukama (somuenzaniso, vanoumba panyaya nemitsara). Panguva iyoyowo, zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana anogona vanobatanidzwa mumwe nomumwe. Nokudaro, morpheme rine phonemes uye namashoko - of morpheme.

Key kwevari mutauro mamiriro tiri chikamu chero mutauro. Nyanzvi dzemitauro anozivisa anoverengeka tiers akadai: morphemic, phonemic, syntactic (kureva vaitaura) uye lexical (kureva kungonyaradza ..). Pakati vamwe, pane dzakakwirira kwevari mutauro. Dzavo runoratidza ndiye "kaviri madziro dzakabatana," kureva vaya zviumbu mitauro zvine mashoko kugutsikana uye mashoko. Saka munhu LEVEL Somuenzaniso, imwe kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro.

Forms nhanho

Chinokosha Fani kuvaka mutauro hurongwa ndiye segmentation kutaura yorwizi. Zvinonzi kuonekwa kutanga kusarudzwa mitsara kana mashoko. Ivo kuridza basa kutaurirana dzakabatana. Ezvinhu mutauro kutaura yorwizi chaienzanirana syntactic padanho. Danho rechipiri segmentation - weboka mashoko. Somugumisiro, iye akaumba shoko siyana. Ivo aibatanidza heterogeneous kushanda - hama, risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi, nominative. Shoko siyana vanozivikanwa nemashoko kana zviratidzo.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mamiriro ezvinhu mitauro zviratidzo ndechokuti avo kubva lexical chechetere. Zvinonzi akaumba mashoko. Inotevera pavaipfuura segmentation Rinobatanidzwa pakabudiswa kutaura chekubuda duku dzakabatana. Ndivo vakadanwa morphs. Vamwe vavo vane akafanana zvivakamutauro uye lexical nezvaanoreva. Izvi morphs pamwechete morpheme.

The segmentation kutaura yorwizi kwapera kusunungurwa duku zvikamu kutaura - zvinoita. Ivo zvisingapindirani nezvavanenge ehupfumi. Asi basa ravo (zvakasiyana) ndiro. Sounds vanozivikanwa zvakafanana mutauro chikwata. Inonzi phoneme - the usingashandi chidimbu mutauro. Inogona achimiririrwa duku (asi zvakakosha) zvidhinha guru mitauro kuvakwa. Kushandisa gudzanzwi vakaumba phonological mutauro pamwero.

chairema mutauro

Ngatitarisei kuti chikwata mutauro gadziriro akasiyana ayo zvimwe zvinhu. Chokwadi kuti vari irreducible. Saka, danho iri chepasipasi mutauro manera. Zvidzidzo vane classifications akawanda. Somuenzaniso, ivo vakakamurwa inzwi kuvapo deko. Muchiitiko chino, dzakabatana dzakadai morphemes, phonemes uye mashoko, inowira chete boka. Vari kuonekwa zvinhu pakuti vane kugara inzwi deko. Mune rimwe boka vari kuvaka muenzaniso mitsara, mashoko uye mitsetse. zvidzidzo izvi zvinonzi hama-zvinhu, sezvo zvinoreva wavo zvinovaka yakanga generalized.

Chimwe kupatsanura kunobva maererano kana uine chikamu hurongwa ukoshi. Ichi ndicho chinhu chiratidzo chinokosha. Material vamapoka mutauro akakamurwa imwe-nzira (avo vasina tsika dzavo) uye bilateral (vachinzwisisa zvinoreva). Ivo (shoko uye morpheme) vane rimwe zita. zvidzidzo izvi vanozivikanwa se dzakakwirira mutauro chikwata.

Nokudzidza mutauro wayo zvivako haisi akamira. Nhasi tave kuitika, maererano iyo pfungwa "kubatana" uye "zvinhu" vakanga zvine musoro kuparadzaniswa. Ichi kutanga yerudzi rutsva. Zvinonzi kuwedzera kukurumbira pfungwa kuti sezvo zviri zano uye zano okuti zvinhu mutauro akasiyana non-kuzvidzora. In izvi waisiyana dzakabatana.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu kunoratidzwa mutauro gadziriro? mutauro zvidzidzo akasiyana mumwe vakuru, qualitatively uye quantitatively. Kuburikidza ichi vanhu ajaira mitauro kusiyana yakadzika uye kwakapararira zvakadaro.

maitiro ehupfumi

Vatsigiri structuralism vanodavira kuti mutauro mamiriro mutauro Russian (kana zvimwe) kunoratidzwa akawanda Maitiro - vanachandagwinyira, akadzivira uye inonzwisisika kutonhodza. Pane imwe Ivan Kuchin maonero. Rinomiririrwa comparativists. Vanotenda kuti mutauro somunhu mitauro hurongwa rine simba uye yakazarukira kuchinja. pfungwa akafanana chaizvo vaitsigira muzvinhu zvitsva wemitauro.

Asi kunyange vatsigiri dzidziso simba rinomutsa uye variability mutauro hazvitadzise kuti chero hurongwa mutauro rinoreva ane imwe kugadzikana. It anokonzerwa ehupfumi ari mamiriro, iyo anoita somutemo wakakodzera dzakasiyana-siyana kwomutauro zvinhu. Yokukakavadzniswa variability uye isimbe. Vari anorwisana yokuda. Shoko Chero mumutauro mugadziriro dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nokuti munhu dzinoratidzwa pesvedzero huru.

Features zvidzidzo

Chimwe chikonzero chinokosha nokuda kumbopeta mutauro hurongwa - ndivo ehupfumi mutauro dzakabatana. hunhu hwavo zvinoonekwa kudyidzana pamwe mumwe. Dzimwe nguva nyanzvi dzemitauro mudane ehupfumi subsystem mabasa zvavakanga kuumba. zvinhu izvi zviri rakakamurwa kwokunze uye dzakawanda. The yokupedzisira anoenderana ukama uye kubatana kusimukira pakati pachavo dzakabatana. External ehupfumi vanotungamirirwa mutauro ukama kunze nyika, chokwadi pfungwa dzevanhu uye manzwiro.

The zvidzidzo vanoumba marongedzero nokuda kwokubatana kwavo. The ehupfumi ukama izvi zvakasiyana. Vamwe dzinoenderana kukurukura mashandiro mutauro. Vamwe vanoratidza kubatana mutauro uye uropi hwomunhu zvigadziriswe - kunobva warwo kuvapo. Kazhinji, mhando izvi maviri sezvo Graphics pamwe chinjikira uye tote namasanhu.

Kuwirirana mumatunhu uye zviyero

Subsystem (kana pamwero) mutauro iri dzinounzwa kana zvavo ine zvose kiyi zviri mutauro hurongwa. Sezvazvakanyorwa kunodiwa zvaidiwa constructiveness. Nemamwe mashoko, ufanane chikwata vanofanira kubatanidzwa sangano tiers, rakamiswa pamusoro pachikuva. In mutauro zvose zviri interconnected, uye hapana chikamu haikwanise kuvapo aparadzane vamwe muviri.

Properties subsystem yakasiyana unhu kubva ehupfumi pamusoro zviumbu kuti kuvaka kuderedza mwero kwayo. Pfungwa iyi inokosha zvikuru. pamwero ehupfumi takatsunga bedzi nezvinhu vamapoka mutauro aipinda zvakananga kunyika yawo mamiriro. womuenzaniso kwakadaro chinhu chinokosha. Nyanzvi dzemitauro vanoedza kupa mutauro somunhu multi-Tiered hurongwa - kuedza kuumba akasiyana akanaka arayira zano. Pfungwa yakafanana anogona kunzi utopian. Yokungotaura mhando zvinosiyana yekudyidzana kubva tsika chaiko. Kunyange rurimi ose zvikuru, hachisi akakwana zvakafanana, ichibata uye rinopindirana hurongwa. Ndokusaka zvemutauro kusara zhinji saka nemitemo kuti vose vanoziva achiri kuchikoro.