Chii mabhuku ivhu? yakakurumbira raibhurari mabhuku ivhu rakanga kupi?

Ndosaka vanoti kuti mutengo mukuru musi ruzivo iri. With kurudyi mashoko, vanhu vanogona kuita chero chavanoda. Takaziva nezvazvo uye madzibaba edu. Akatanga zviuru zvemakore akapfuura mabhuku ivhu zvinoratidza kuti vakaedza dzibve zvose zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvinokosha.

Zviya, chii ivhu bhuku? Kana usingazivi mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu, isu zano here kuverenga nyaya ino. Mariri muchawana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yavo yose kubva kumunda.

nhoroondo mashoko

To musi, masayendisiti anodavira kuti zvikuru kare budiriro yevanhu, izvo ndokusvika-nguva dzose kuna ichatonga zvine mbiri yake, akanga Mesopotamia. It yakatanga zvuru zvinomwe makore asati azvarwa Kristu munzvimbo zvinoshamisa zvinobudirira akasarudzwa, iri mumupata confluence enzizi makuru - rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Kuti nyika ino yaigarwa wokumwe uye asinganzwisisiki sevaSumer, ivo akadana "vanhu Blackheads."

mashoko budiriro

SevaSumer anozivikanwa seMagwaro nyanzvi yekare. It nyanzvi uye vazivi venyeredzi regai, izvo zvinoita kuti dzidziso yekare yedu nyika. kuvamba yavo yava hunoshamisa ecuneiform. gadziriro iyi kunyora, zviratidzo zvairatidzika zvatinosiita mbariro, wedges. Somugumisiro, avo nearufabheti maitiro akamuka zita rayo kujairika.

In emakore iwayo chete iripo mashoko kunyora kwakanga ivhu. Chokwadi, chinhu chaigona akanyorwa ganda. Asi! Chekutanga, akapfeka dehwe - chimedu kwete dhuri, kunyange mitemo vanhasi. Chechipiri, vanhu vaiziva kuti nedehwe mupumburu aisazorarama moto, nechisimba nemakonzo kana mwaka kuchinaya. Kunyanya kunetseka pamusoro ichi vateresi, mari Lenders, vanachiremba ... In pfupi, vose avo vanhu vane basa kunobva zvakananga pamusoro kuvimbika mashoko kwavanoitwa. Asi chii chinonzi ivhu bhuku? Chokwadi, mashoko pamusoro pechiso iduku zvikuru ...

zvekushandisa mashoko

Kutaura zvazviri, zvinoita vanogumurwa evhu, pamusoro pemvura iyo rinoshandisirwa mashoko vanamabharani asati apinza kuva nyoro billet romoto. Modern zvidhinha pamusoro pemvura ine mucherechedzo mugadziri, chaizvoizvo - ari "bhuku" iroro.

The "Vezvenhau" wokutanga ichi mhando vakasikwa anopfuura zviuru zvina zvemakore asati yechikristu. The chimiro uye kukura "mabhuku" aya akasiyana chaizvo. Vakanga sandara, convex, denderedzwa uye mativi, "rimwe bhuku" ... Vamwe vavo vaiva kukura nguva nebhuku remanotsi, asi mumwe wakange ari diagonal kupfuura masendimita 45! Ndizvo mubhuku ivhu.

How kusika bhuku rakadaro?

Unyanzvi hwakanga nyore, kunyange chaizvo, chokutanga munyori akapinza vakagadzirira uye kuumbwa workpiece ari takasimba uye pamwero pamusoro, uye ipapo, aine tsvimbo wakarodzwa, akatanga kuzvimbandidzira pamusoro Chikwata ari ecuneiform mabhii earufabheti. Ake "kubata" munyori wekare akaramba anenge Saizvozvowo kuti nhasi tiri wakabata penzura. Tarisa vana vachitamba, chinhu kuedza kunyora sandbox: chaizvoizvo, vari kufananidzwa vatenzi vekare.

Kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti flatness uye parallelism rinoshandisirwa nevhu vatambi, asati atanga ndiro kazhinji kuzvisanangurira vachishandisa Taut tambo. Kazhinji munyori akazadza kwete chete mbiri panhivi bhuku, asi kunyange iye akakwanisa akaisa mashoko ayo mativi. "Vashandi hofisi" Ancient vanogumurwa Finished gwaro muchoto. Zvisinei, kazhinji hakukoshi "pepa" nyore yaoma muzuva. Kana kuti zvimwe chikonzero mabharani vasina nguva kupedza basa ravo rimwe go, zviri wakaputirwa nyorova jira workpiece.

Sezvo vanhu vakanga atungamirirwe yakatarwa mahwendefa?

Sumerian ecuneiform tsindirana maonero tsamba haana. Sezvingatarisirwa, nokuti kusikwa zvakawanda kana zvishoma kwazvo muunganidzwa wemitemo, mazita kwenhumbi kana zvakada kuti wakasiya dzakawanda kana kwete mazana evhu. Sezvo akanga akaronga ne "kugutsikana" mabhuku aya? Pashure pezvose, imwe nzwisisa kutsvaka akanga asipo!?

Paavhareji Sumerian bhuku uye chaizvoizvo yaiva gumi nevaviri zvakabikwa mahwendefa. Kubva chinzvimbo chete kunze - pasi rokupedzisira hunhu papeji tikaisa yakadzika kuyambuka mutsetse, uye pasi payo akanyora bhuku nhamba, inova kuenderera acho. Mazita kazhinji raumbwa nemashoko avo okutanga. Hachisi nowenyika nezvechisarudzo kuponesa gwaro kuburikidza default zvakafanana Microsoft Shoko?

Saka takadzidza kuti ivhu mabhuku. Asi apo kuchengetera hunova zvose ino yekare? Kufanana ikozvino, nokuti zvinangwa izvi zvakavapo raibhurari. Saka raibhurari basa - mumwe mukuru uye vanoremekedzwa zvikuru munyika.

raibhurari yekare

Zvose izvi zviri zvikuru ... Asi apo raibhurari mabhuku tiri ivhu? Uyo aiva wekutanga munhoroondo yevanhu?

Kare 1841 kare guru France zvakashamisa telegraphed mashoko kubva Arabia: "Ndinotenda kuti rangu Kuwanikwa zvivako yekare. Zvichida vanogona vane chikonzero chakanaka kuti anonzi panguva maruva peNinivhe. " Munhu akatuma shoko rakanga Paul-Emile Botta. Iye asiatic Society of France akapa kuona zvebhaibheri Ninivhi. Oddly zvakakwana, asi akakwanisa kuzviita, uye raibhurari mabhuku ivhu rokutanga zvakare kuva kuwanikwa vanhu.

Maawa mashomanana zvikuru mapepanhau dzose nguva dzakanga dzizere shamisa misoro ichirondedzera mukuru zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo. Uye nokuda hype akadaro aiva nechikonzero chakanaka; pashure zvose, asi kusvikira zuva mukuru sayenzi hazvina mashoko iri kanenge kusvikira vamwe vangadai rakapfuura panguva mapiramidhi vekare vokuIjipiti. Pakati anowana akanga Botta uye raibhurari mabhuku ivhu. City veNinevhe haina chete rikaratidzwa kuva chaiyoiyo, asi kuti kuvandudza vanhu chinokosha mashoko, huri "mapeji" kuti nemamwe mahwendefa evhu.

Asiria raibhurari

Muna 1852, mumwe mukuru matongo nguva yake, Genri Ostin Layard, zvakare, zvakashamisa nyika zvakasiyana buri. Akakwanisa kuchera kubva mumuzinda wokupedzisira mambo weAsiria naAshurbhanipari, iyo vakararama noruremekedzo rinonzi "House kutungamirirwa uye zano." Ndiko aiva mukuru ukoshi ungwaru nguva idzodzo - raibhurari guru mabhuku nevhu, iro madzimambo eAsiria akaunganidza kumarudzi kwake.

Nhoroondo gangaidzo: anenge matatu emakore chinokosha Zvivako zvekare emakore akanyorwa avete inondikurira muimba yepasi weBritish Museum. Yakanga chete pashure okutanga matanho dzakaitwa muna achiongorora zvaive zvakanyorwa navanhu vekare, vanyori vezvakaitika kare pakupedzisira akaziva sei chinokosha (asi chii chiri ipapo, anokosha!) Pfuma chinangwa vachiunganidza neguruva hwakavigwa mumakamuri ane ... Kubvira ipapo vakatanga hurongwa achiongorora zvaive zvose akawana mabhuku.

Nokubudirira kukuru naAshurbanipal

Makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu kutiparadzanisa yakadururwa kana wokupedzisira mambo Jarebhi rudzi zvokutaurira mashoko ake kujeka munyori kuti achiripo kubva pakadzika emakore. Anoti kuti akaraira kugogodza pabwe zvinyorwa, mabasa okunyora mifananidzo, vasina kudzidza kana kuverenga ayo vamutangira. Mambo akataura, unongozvikudza anokwanisa kuverenga ake murayiro nekuparadzanisa raibhurari kupinda partitions.

Panzira, chii chaiva sangano neraibhurari mabhuku ivhu? Pfungwa, hazvina zvakasiyana zvikuru kubva nhasi. Chokwadi, nokuda Genre nokupesana haana, asi bhuku chete kugadzirisa neMunyori, nyika nezvimwewo .. vose zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa akaiswa pamusoro makuru Racks. The raibhurari yaisangana nokuda rangers. Ndiko kwaiva raibhurari mabhuku nevhu wakasvinudza wokutanga budiriro ano.

Zvinofanira akati kuti zvasara hazvina kudaro zvikuru. Mabhuku akawanda panguva iyoyo akanga rakakamurwa vakaparadzana shards, saka kuti decoding richiri.

raibhurari huru

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zita naAshurbhanipari vachiziva vakapona zvemakore. Chokwadi kuti mambo wakazviratidza kuti zvikuru unyanzvi murongi, munhu akangwara enyika uye murume vakanga anonyatsovafarira mutsika uye musayenzi. Kunenge kuti panguva iyoyo yakaoma mumwe mambo weAsiriya zvaisazomboita kuwana nguva yokudzidzisa kwakadaro.

Akaisa Herculean zvechokwadi kuedza kuratidza akanakisisa ivhu apo muraibhurari mabhuku ake ezvinhu. City veNinevhe aiva zvesayenzi uye tsika pakati kwete chete Asiria asi dzose raivapo panguva iyoyo nyika. Iye chirevo chaiyo, maererano iyo nyika akatanga kudzingira mazana vanyori, muchitarisira ose mimwe kutaura muripo. Kuwana kwakadaro, zviri chaizvo zvakakopwa uye akatumira guru kuti okuchengetera. Heunoi sei mabhuku raibhurari nevhu Ninivhi akagamuchira unokosha bhuku muunganidzwa.

Yakasvika chaiyo makopi acho, zvakanyorwa kare muIjipiti, uye vakawanda weAsiria, Bhabhironi uye Akkad. Kana raibhurari sezvayakawanikwa kubudikidza Botta, rakanga vanenge 20,000 usina kukonekita. Modern masayendisiti Panyanzvi dzakaongorora humboo vachengetedzwe, zvikuru chema, Ungangove, akatanga kushoma pakati 100,000 zvinyorwa zviri hwakavigwa mumakamuri kuti achengetere! Haiwa, asi ivo zvirokwazvo varasikirwa budiriro dzedu nokusingaperi. The akakurumbira raibhurari mabhuku ivhu rakanga simba kumanikidzira destructional nguva.

The zvinokosha specimens ose okuchengetera yekare

Pasina nguva zvakava pachena kuti vaAsiriya uye vaBhabhironi vaiziva zvakakwana masvomhu. Nechekare anopfuura zviuru zviviri zvemakore asati yechiKristu nguva masayendisiti vakakwanisa kugadzirisa chaizvo kunzwisisa matambudziko geometrical. Pfungwa, yakakurumbira Hanging Gardens veBhabhironi pasina Masvomhu zvakadaro zvaisazobvira kusika, saka kuti masayendisiti chete nekusimbiswa fungidziro dzavo.

Apo rinokosha rinoshanda zvenyeredzi. Vakawanda vavo zvakanyorwa kwerinenge mireniyumu nehafu isati nguva naAshurbanipal. Kukosha mabhuku aya ndechokuti zvaiva nyore kuti arambe kukura muchadenga wesayenzi kubva kare. Zvakaitika kuti ziggurats, ayo dzinoimbwa vaoni vakawanda nguva yedu, vakanga vokutanga munyika Observatories. Kubva gore negore vapristi vaiva navo, nokuchengeta kufamba kwemiviri yokudenga, kuunganidza chaizvo ruzivo. Navo mukuru kuvhunduka panguva imwe achipinda nevhu mubhuku, ine pikicha munyaya.

makarenda yekare

Maererano ruzivo kuti masayendisiti vane mabhuku ekare, vanhu weAsiria Bhabhironi vakakwanisa kufungidzira making uye zuva kuora kwemwedzi, aiziva zvose pamusoro kutenderera mitumbi yose yokudenga, iyo zvinogona kuonekwa chinoabatsira. Planet nyeredzi mazuva iwayo naivowo vakadzidza kusiyanisa. Pane zvakawanda matafura vane Masvomhu yomuchadenga akareba. Zvinoshamisa, asi vazhinji vavo vari zvikuru yakarurama. Izvi zvakanga zvisina kudaro kare, kunyange akanyora aizivikanwa Kazakh munyori Suleimenov. "Clay Book", basa rake rakapera, nyaya rinongova pamusoro yekare.

Kwakavakirwa emakore-kare zvaanorumbidza Romwedzi uye Sun, vapristi akaita pakarenda ravo. Akanga kusimba inokosha nguva idzodzo, nokuti akabvumira kuziva kutanga nguva yokudyara uye kukohwewa zvirimwa. Hazvishamisi, nyanzvi Asiriya neBhabhironi vakanakidzwa vavaremekedze uye rukudzo munyika yekare.

Geographical ruzivo yekare

Very vanofarira yekare kare 'nenzvimbo atlases, "uyewo kuwanikwa pakati mabhuku asara. Kunyange zvazvo makadhi vaibudirira chinyakare, nokuti zvakanga ingangodaro kuziva hurukuro munyika yeIjipiti kuna Urartu. VaAsiria vakanga kunyange vatungamiriri chaicho jogirafi, izvo zvinoratidza mazita kunyika uye yadzo, mazita nzizi uye makuru tsaukana munzvimbo. Zvisinei, umhare yakapoteredza nyika, vaiziva zvishomanana, zvikurukuru nomudzimu naka dzidziso.

Saka, ivhu mabhuku okutanga ari nzvimbo yedu nyika kunoonekwa sechinhu pakati zvose. Zvisinei, anenge chete pfungwa aiva masayendisiti kuMiddle Ages, saka hapana inoshamisa.

Medical indasitiri

Kunyange nani, zvakanga kuoneka kubva akachengetedzwa zvokurapa akadhindwa. Civilization vaBhabhironi uye navaAsiria vachiri kutenda kuti zvirwere zvinokonzerwa kungotaurwa nemidzimu yakaipa. Bhuku rine zvakawanda mashiripiti kutyaira yokupedzisira. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaona kunyange chiremera mafungiro mupodzi nguva idzodzo, uyo akanyora nezvokukosha kuumba munhu nevhu mufananidzo dhimoni kuti anotambudza muviri murwere. Pashure mudhori ichi akurudzire kuparadza.

Oddly, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvasvika kuvhiringidza dzakakwirira kuvhiyiwa. Saka, mabhuku ezvokurapa pamahwendefa evhu kubata kunyange zvakaoma chaizvo (kusanganisira nezvinodiwa ano) abdominal kuvhiyiwa. Zvisinei, vaAsiriya ava zvasvika dzakakwirira kwete zvose: somuenzaniso, mubasa vanachiremba mwoyo nguva vanoonekwa se "dzigare mairi kwemweya," uye basa kuuropi zvavo vanhu havana chifungidziro chinhu.