Chii ivhu uye sei kunogona?

Chii ivhu? Shoko iri rine zvakawanda kupfuura rimwe rinoreva. Kakawanda izvozvo kumbowanikwa zvinoreva "topsoil". Maduramazwi uye Reference yomuzvarirwo yokusvika kuna tsananguro rokuti zvizere.

Ivhu rinopa tsananguro dzesayenzi - ndiyo okumusoro paiva lithosphere paNyika. Its chikuru maitiro: wokubereka, heterogeneity, nokusununguka, zvina-danho.

Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe izwi yoga. Wembereko zvinoreva kuti ivhu - ichi rukoko akakodzera yaikura zvinomera uye zvirimwa. Akaumba somugumisiro zvipenyu zvinokosha siyana uye weathering rukoko zvakawanda zvinovaka muviri uye chawo ari manyowa - kurarama Organic yeimwe kana residues izvo varipo muvhu, asi kwete zvipenyu.

Ndeipi ivhu tichitarisa heterogeneity? Izvi zvinoreva kuti topsoil chinhu heterogeneous gadziriro, kuti homogeneous danho yakakamurwa pakati pavo. Saka, ivhu rine zvikamu zvina: zvikukutu, mvura, gaseous uye tupukanana tusingaoneki.

Yakasimba danho zvinosanganisira zvicherwa, organics, siyana inclusions, i.e. ari raora kuti zvinhu zvakaoma wakaumbwa topsoil.

The mvura danho - mvura, iyo inogona kuve rakaorera pamubhedha akasununguka kana vakasungwa nehurumende.

The gasi ine gasi: okisijeni vachipinda kubva mumhepo, kunzwisisa yeimwe pamusoro senitrogen, methane, yakachena rehydrogen. Vari aumba somugumisiro chinovira pezvakaitwa, afemeruke, kuora, etc.

Kuongorora ivhu masayendisiti anogona kuongorora kwete chete zvakaturikidzaniswa seboka, asi mumwe nomumwe wayo constituent kutotanga. Ndokusaka imwe mhinduro yakakwana kune mubvunzo kuti chii ivhu, zvinoitika saizvozvo refu. Uyezve, ivhu iri dzimwe nguva anoonekwa somuganhu kana Kamudzira iyo panguva unoparadzanisa uye rinoronga zvingaitwa mhepo, bio- uye hydrosphere.

Akawanda mhinduro yakasiyana yomubvunzo wokuti chii ivhu, GOST 27593-88. Zvinonzi kuti ivhu - kuzvimirira, organo, dzinongoitika nhoroondo, rwaibva mubatanidzwa zvinhu ichi muviri wechisikigo:

• anthropogenic;
• abiotic;
• biotic.

Ivhu kuramba GOST nerondedzero, ine zvivako ayo (morphological uye magene). It kunoratidzwa nedzimwe nzvimbo, izvo basa kusika zvinhu nokuda pokumuka zvirimwa chine mvura, mhepo, chicherwa nezvimedu uye Organic mapfupa.

The mhando uye hunhu ivhu anoenderana okunze, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, kwakabva zvigare vaigara yakaorera rukoko. nyika-kushandiswa basa - kuchengetedza uye kuramba kuorera zvakakwana kushandisa mikana rukoko.

Too kakawanda kushandiswa kwezvinoshandiswa ivhu, pamwe kunyanya muchangosangana anenge muchetura. Pasina ivhu mwando vangatambura masango, uye nokunyanyisa achidiridzira - hova akavapindurawo. Dzimwe nguva ivhu somugumisiro kushandisa kukodzera kana kuva wakawanda marshy. pezvakaitwa aya chete zita, kureva, ivhu kudzikisirana.

Kudzorerwa inonyadzisa ivhu - kwazvo basa-nyanyisa,-kare, haugari kugumisa kwauchaita kubudirira.