Chii chinonzi topology? Chii chinorehwa nehutano hwetunhu hwekutengesa

Izwi rokuti "topology" rine zvinoreva zvizhinji, rimwe rayo rinoshandiswa mumakombiyuta pasi kurondedzera mitambo. Chii chinonzi kuvimba kwekombiyuta mitambo, uye ichakurukurwa zvakare. Asi, zvishoma mberi, mumamiriro ezvinhu akareruka, pfungwa iyi inogona kuonekwa senotsanangudzo yekugadzirisa (nzvimbo) yemakombiyuta akabatanidzwa kune network. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvose zvinosvika pakunzwisisa kwete kunyange kubatanidza ivo pachavo, asi zviyero zvejometri zvinowirirana nemarudzi ose ekugadzirisa nzvimbo.

Chii chinorehwa nehurukuro yehutano?

Sezvinenge zvatove zvakajeka, makombiyuta anenge akabatanidzwa mumusangano mumwe chete anosangana navo kwete chisarudzo, asi mukurongeka zvakanatsanangurwa. Kuti urondedze urongwa uhwu, kunzwisisa kweatongerwo enyika kwakatanga.

Chaizvoizvo, chii chinonzi topology? Mepu, mifananidzo, mifananidzo, mapu. Zvinotsanangurwa, sezvakanzwisiswa, mune chimwe chinhu chakafanana nekuziva kwekutanga kwe geometry. Zvisinei, chete kubva chete kubva kumagetsi ekutenderera kwemaonero, izwi iri haringagoni kuonekwa. Sezvo zvisiri zvekubatana chete, asiwo nezvekutsvaga kwemashoko, chinhu ichi chinofanirawo kuverengerwa.

Mhando dzakakura dzemakwenzi uye ruregerero rwavo

Pakati pese, hapana chirevo chimwe chete chekombiyuta yepolotiki. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti pangava nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekuregererwa kwekuti pamwe pamwe vanotsanangura imwe kana imwe sangano rekunamata. Chaizvoizvo, mitambo inogona kunge yakasiyana zvachose.

Semuenzaniso, nzira yakarongeka yekuronga kushamwaridzana kwezvikamu zvekombiyuta zvizere mune imwe chete inogona kudanwa kunzvimbo yekunze. Iko kune huri pakati pemhando dzehutano (mutaundi, nzvimbo, etc.).

Pakupedzisira, iyo huru pane yose inoshandiswa pasi rose inoshandura nzvimbo dzakakura dzenharaunda uye inosanganisira mamwe marudzi emhando, pamwe chete nemakombiyuta nemichina yekufambisa.

Asi chii chinorehwa nehurukuro yehutano hwemunharaunda, seimwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekuronga kuwirirana kwemakombiyuta akawanda pakati pavo, munyaya iyi?

Pachikonzero chezvinotsanangurwa maitiro uye zvivakwa, zvakakamurwa kuva mhando dzakasiyana:

• Zvisikwa - tsanangudzo yeiyo yakagadziriswa yenzvimbo yemakombiyuta uye nhamba dzemaitiro, zvichifunga kubatana pakati pavo;
• Zvinonzwisisika - tsanangudzo yekufamba kwechiratidzo kuburikidza nemusangano;
• Mashoko - tsanangudzo yekufamba, kutungamirirwa nekudzokorora kwemashoko mukati memusangano;
• Exchange kushandiswa - tsanangudzo yemutemo wekushandiswa kana kushandura kodzero dzekushandisa nhare.

Network topology: mhando

Iye zvino mazwi mashomanana pamusoro pechirevo chinowanzogamuchirwa chemaitiro ehutano hwekubatanidza. Muchirevo chechirevo chekutaura kwepfungwa, zvakakosha kutaura nezvemwe rudzi rwekutsanangurira kunotsanangura nzira iyo kombiyuta inosangana nayo mumutambo kana chirevo chekubatana kwayo nedzimwe nhepfenyuro kana nodes huru. Muchiitiko ichi, pfungwa dzehutano hwakabatana uye husinganzwisisiki hwekubatanidza hukama huve hunyoro.

Chimiro chakazara (uye ichi chinozivikanwa pasi pose) chinonyanya kukanganisa nokuti rimwe nerimwe sarudzo iyo chikamu chekunamatira kemukati imwechete yakabatana kune vamwe vose. Izvo zvinokanganisa munyaya iyi zviri muchokwadi chokuti pamakombiyuta imwe neimwe inofanirwa kuisa mamwe mapikicha ekukurukurirana, uye kugadzirisa pachako kunofanirwa kuve yakagadzirirwa nhamba yakawanda yezvikwata zvekukurukurirana. Uye sekutonga, zvivako zvakadaro, kana zviripo, hazvishamisi zvikuru.

Kusawirirana kweiyo yepolisi mune chirongwa ichi chinoratidzika zvakanyanya kunaka, sezvo rimwe nerimwe rekupedzisira risingabatanidzi kune mamwe makombiyuta, asi rinogamuchira kana kutumira ruzivo kuburikidza nedzimwe node dzenhare kana rinoreva zvakananga kubato rekutanga kana hubhu. Muenzaniso unotyisa weiyi ndeye topology ye "star" network.

Sezvo yaiva iyo nzira huru yekubatanidza zvigaro zvemuviri (network), tinofanirwa kugara maonero ezvinyorwa zvemarudzi ose makuru, pakati payo iyo huru "bhasi", "nyeredzi" uye "ring", kunyange zvazvo kune mamwe akavhenganiswa nemhando.

Network topology "bhazi"

Iko rudzi rwekubatana kwemashure kune network kunonyanya kufarirwa, kunyange zvazvo kune zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba zvikuru.

Kuti uone kuti kutaurirana "bhazi" chii, zvinogoneka nemuenzaniso uri nyore. Fungidzira dambo rine matavi akawanda kune rumwe rutivi. Pakupera kwebazi rimwe nerimwe rakadaro ikombiyuta. Izvo hazvibatanidzi zvakananga kune mumwe nemumwe, asi ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa uye runoparidzirwa kuburikidza nechigamba chimwe, pamagumo ose eine zvipfeko zvakagadzikana zvinodzivisa kufungisisa kwechiratidzo ichiiswa. Uyu ndiwo mutevedzeri wezera we topology yemutambo.

Kubudirira kwekubatana kwakadaro ndechokuti urefu hweganda guru inoderera zvikuru, uye zvakabuda kune imwe sarudzo hazvivhiringidziki nehutanhi sehuwandu. Iko kutsvaga kukuru ndeyokuti kana trunk pachayo ichinyangadza, ruvando rwose harungagoni. Mukuwedzera, kubvunzurudza kwe "bhazi" kunogumira muhuwandu hwemashandiro akabatanidzwa uye ine basa shoma shoma nekuda kwekugoverwa kwezviwanikwa pakati pemagetsi ose mumutambo. Kugoverwa kunogona kuva yunifomu kana kuti isina kukwana.

Nyeredzi nyeredzi (nyeredzi)

Kutaura kwe "star" network pane dzimwe nzira kwakafanana ne "bhazi", uye misiyano chete ndeyokuti dzose dzinogumira dzakabatana nechekati switchgear (hub) kwete kune imwe chete yepamusoro.

Kuburikidza nechitsipa, makombiyuta ose anogona kubatana. Ruzivo rwunoshandiswa kubva pachimbichimbi kune zvese, asi rinogamuchirwa chete neavo rakarongwa. Kubatsira kwekubatana kwakadaro kunosanganisira kukwanisa kwekugadziriswa kwepakati pemagetsi ose ekugumira, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwezvitsva. Zvisinei, sezvinoitika pane "bhazi", kukundikana kwepakati yekushandura chigadzirwa kwakazara nemigumisiro ye rese network.

Topology "ring" (ring)

Pakupedzisira, tine rumwe rudzi rwekubatanidza - the topology ring ye network. Sezvo, zvichida, zvatove zvakajeka kubva pachirongwa, kuwirirana kwemakombiyuta kunoitwa sequentially kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe kuburikidza nendima dzomukati, semugumisiro wekuti denderedzwa rakapfigwa inoumbwa (zvakasikwa, denderedzwa iri munyaya iyi isinganzwisisiki).

Apo kutumira mashoko kubva pakutanga kunopfuurira kuburikidza nezvose zvinotarisa zviri kutarisana nomugamuchiri wokupedzisira. Asi wekupedzisira anobatsirwa anonzwisiswa pane hwaro hwekucherechedza. Iko ndiko kuti, ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa runongova chitubu chinoratidzwa mumusana wekutsvaga. Ichi chirongwa hachina kumboshandiswa nokuti kukundikana kwekombiyuta kamwe chete kunobatanidza kupesana kwekushanda kwese network.

Mesh uye kuongororwa kwepolotiki

Iyi nzira yekubatanidza inogona kuwanikwa kana iwe wabvisa zvimwe zvekubatanidza kubva kuhutano hwepamusoro kana kuwedzera pahuwandu. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, chirongwa ichi chinoshandiswa mumakona makuru.

Mukubatanidzwa uku, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvitsva zvinogona kugadziriswa. Zvose zvinowanzoita zvirongwa se "bhiri mbiri", "muti", "lattice", "snowflake", "Klose network", nezvimwewo. Sezvo zvinogona kuonekwa kunyange kubva pamazita, izvi zvose zvinoshandiswa pamusoro wezvinyorwa zvekubatanidza, izvo zvakatorwa Nokuda kwechikonzero.

Panewo mimwe yakasiyana-siyana yeforopi, iyo inogona kubatanidza mamwe akawanda (subnets), akabatanidzwa nemamwe maitiro anhu.

Mhedziso

Iye zvino zvinogona kunge zvakajeka kuti kufungidzira chii. Kana tikaita muchidimbu, pfungwa iyi inotsanangurwa yekubatanidza makombiyuta mumutambo uye kusangana pakati pavo. Kuti izvi zvinoitwa sei zvinongobva pane nzira yekubatanidza nhepfenyuro mune imwe yose. Uye kutaura kuti nhasi isu tinokwanisa kusarudza imwechete yekudyidzana kwesekusarudza, hazvibviri. Munyaya imwe neimwe uye zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, imwe kana imwe yerudzi rwekubatanidza inogona kushandiswa. Asi munharaunda dzomunharaunda, kana tikataura pamusoro pavo, chinonyanya kukosha ndicho "nyeredzi" chirongwa, kunyange "bhazi" ichiri kushandiswa zvikuru.

Inoramba ichiwedzera kuti mumutauro wekuteterera, munhu anokwanisa kuwana pfungwa dzekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa hurumende, asi dzinowanzobatana kwete nehutano, asi nehutungamiri hwemagetsi emagetsi uye kutonga pamusoro pavo. Centralization inotsanangurwa zvakajeka munyeredzi yekubatana, asi kugadziridza kunoshandiswawo kune rudzi urwu, kupa rupo rwezvimwe zvinhu kuitira kuti kuwedzere kuvimbika kweneteresi apo shanduko huru inokundikana. Kubudirira kunobatsira mune izvi ndechirongwa che "hypercube", asi zvakaoma zvikuru kukura.