Chii chinonzi sikweya? How kuwana vertices sectional ndege mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, Vhoriyamu uye tsoka ane mativi pakona?

Mhinduro kumubvunzo pamusoro chii square, anogona kuiswa. Zvose zvinoenderana vamakaitira kugadziriswa nyaya iyi. The muimbi rinoti pachivara - a 4, 8, 16, 32 nembariro kana Jazz improvisation. The mwana - zviri mutambo ane bhora kana magazini chevana. The aidhinda kukutuma kudzidza Schriftgröße uye midziyo - simbi-Profile marudzi.

Kune dzimwe tsika zhinji mushoko iri, asi nhasi chatichakumbira mubvunzo wemasvomhu. Saka ...

Kukurira nhamba iyi, ticharamba zvishoma nezvishoma, kubva nyore kuti zvakaoma, uye kutanga nhoroondo pachivara. Sezvo akaoneka, sezvo panoonekwa vanhu, masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana uye mararamiro?

Nhoroondo kudzidza mativi

nyika yekare anoona yaiungana, kunyanya sezvo mana hukuru pfungwa. Kazhinji, pasinei dzakawanda quads, panguva huru mativi ari nhamba - mana. VaAsiria uye Peruvian pachivara - yose, kureva, rinomiririra mana makuru zvataurwa chinongedzo.

Kunyange zvakasikwa kwakafanana sikweya, uyewo muzvikamu zvina - chiratidzo North America. Nokuti vaCelt, zvose - zviri sezvandaigona matatu mativi, nested, uye kubvira pakati penzizi ina dzinoyerera (!). Uye zvose nevaIjipiti vainamata mufananidzo uyu!

anotsanangurwa kutanga kwemasvomhu Masvomhu mativi vaGiriki. Asi kwavari, polygon iyi chete unhu hwakaipa. Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras haana kufanana kunyange nhamba, kuvaona sezvo simba uye zvechikadzi.

Kunyange zvitendero varipo dzomumusha. In Islam, kuti Kaaba - kweguvhu dzenyika - haasi mamwe idenderedzwa, zvinoti munhu cubic chimiro.

MuIndia, chikuru grapheme inomirira pasi, kana nyika chiratidzo, yakanga rebaptized dzakaenzana. Zvakare, tiri kutaura pamusoro mana mufundisi pfungwa, kumatunhu mana enyika.

In China, pachivara - nyika kuwirirana uye kurongeka. Mhirizhonga iri akakurira chivakwa dzakaenzana Siyanisa. A sikweya nokudhindwa denderedzwa, ndiyo hwaro yokuona nyika, inomiririra kubatana uye kubatana kwakaita pezvakasikwa uye Pasi.

Zvechihedheni Russia - Square Svarog. chiratidzo ichi chinonziwo Svarog Star kana Star Russia. Zviri tsvarakadenga yakaoma, sezvo hunoumbwa intersecting uye namahwindo nemitsetse. Svarog - mwari mhizha, chikuru musiki, musiki uye denga pacharo iri mharidzo Rus. chiratidzo ichi chinhu rhombus, iyo anotaurazve Earth uye ayo mana nzira. Uye nyeredzi pamwe nemwaranzi mana - 4 enyika, Lika Svaroga 4 - ake Musoro hwehuMwari. A ranzi mharadzano - pakati.

Interesting zvinhu pamusoro yaiungana

Chinonyanya yakakurumbira mashoko anouya mupfungwa protagonist dzedu - "Black Square".

mufananidzo Malevich ndiyo kachiri chaizvo. Munyori namarudzi zvisikwa zvave vakatambura mubvunzo chii uye nei nyore matema mativi on chena kumashure saka inotifungisa pacharo.

Asi kana iwe kunyatsotarisisa kunyatsotevera, Waona kuti mativi ndege haina mvere, uye nzvimbo dzakatsemuka dema ingi ndiwo akaita noruvara multi-mavara. Zviripachena, pakutanga kwaiva sezvamunoita, izvo munyori haana kufanana, uye iye kubva pameso edu akavharwa kuti mufananidzo uyu. Black sikweya sezvo chinhu - munhu mutema buri, chete vaiita pachivara chimiro. A anoshaiwa anozivikanwa kukwezva ...

Chimwe dzakakurumbira chaizvo "zvemashiripiti dzinoungana". Chokwadi chiri - tafura Chokwadi, yaiungana vakazadzwa nhamba neimwe mbiru. Verengai nhamba idzi ndiro pamusoro pemitsara zvose, mbiru uye diagonals (vachiravana). Kana diagonals zvinopedzwa kubva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, pachivara - semimagic.

Albrecht Dürer muna 1514 akasika mufananidzo "Melancholia I", iro wairatidza 4x4 mashiripiti sikweya. It kuwanda nenhamba yembiru, misara, diagonals, uye kunyange rwomukati ndiyo matatu namana.

Pahwaro matafura ava anonakidza uye yakakurumbira dambanemazwi - "Sudoku".

VaIjipiti vakatanga kuita nhamba interconnection mutsetse (zuva rekuzvarwa) uye unhu husina, mano uye matarenda munhu. Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras akatora ruzivo ichi, vashoma kupatsanurwa uye akaisa pachivara. Zvakaguma ari mativi ose Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras.

It ane yoga nzvimbo nezvenhamba. Kubva musi kuberekwa munhu Change nokuwedzera huru nhamba mana kuti inoiswa Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras Square (Square). Uye akaisa mashoko ose zvakavanzika pamusoro simba rako, utano, tarenda, mhanza, nevakwegura, unhu uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri echiShinto. Paavhareji, rakarurama kuongorora 60% -80%.

Chii chinonzi sikweya?

Square akatumidza geometric nhamba. Maumbirwe sikweya - quadrilateral, ine kuenzana mativi uye pamakona. More chaizvo, kuti quadrangle rinonzi kwakarurama.

The sikweya ine zviratidzo zvayo. Ivo:

• mativi akaenzana pakureba;
• kuenzana pamakona pakati pachavo - ngaatarire (90 madhigirii).

Nokuda maitiro aya uye zvaidiwa akaenzana denderedzwa inogona yakanyorwa, muirondedzere vakamupoteredza. The circumscribed denderedzwa iri tangent vose vertices ayo akanyorwa - pakati kumativi acho. Dzavo pfungwa zvichange zvakafanana pakati mativi uye vachatonga pamwe zvose ake Tsanga yacho yaichekwa hafu. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, vakaenzana uye vagovane makona mativi kupinda yakaenzana nhengo.

Mumwe diagonal runoparadzanisa two yaiungana isosceles zvokuridza, vaviri - mina.

Saka, kana kureba kumativi sikweya - t, nokureba nharaunda yacho circumscribed denderedzwa - R, uye yakanyorwa - R, ipapo

• sikweya garo nzvimbo kana mativi nharaunda (S) akaenzana S = t ² = 2R ² = 4r ^2;

• sikweya mukomberedzo P inofanira dzaona kubudikidza nzira P = 4t = 4√2R = 8r;

• Kureba nharaunda yacho denderedzwa R = (√2 / 2) T;

• yakanyorwa - R = t / 2.

A mativi nechepasi munzvimbo ichiri zvinogoneka overenga, achiziva divi rake (a) kana kureba kwayo diagonal (c), ipapo nzira muchaonekwa azvaitwa: S = ² uye S = 1 / 2c ^2.

Chii square, tiri kuwana. Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora zvose, nekuti mufananidzo muchivara ndiyo zvakafanana, ichibata rectangle. Ane shanu nematemo symmetry, pamwe chete (wechina-kuitira) inopfuura nepakati uye perpendicular kuti ndege yacho square, uye vamwe vana - zviviri symmetry akabatana, vaviri vari akaererana kumativi, uye vaviri vanopfuura kuburikidza diagonal pakati pachivara.

Nzira rokuvaka sikweya

Inobva tsanangudzo, zvinoita sokuti hapana nyore pane kuvaka akakwana sikweya. Izvi ichokwadi, asi ndokunge une zvose nokuyerwa zvokushandisa. Uye kana chinhu haasi kuwanika?

Ngatimboonai aivapo nzira, izvo chichatibatsira kuvaka mufananidzo uyu.

Kuyera mutongi uye akaisa sikweya - Ndivo chikuru zvishandiso kuburikidza paunogona kuvaka kupfuura nyore sikweya.

Pakutanga, maka pfungwa, vanoti A, tichavaka pamusoro payo mativi nechimwe.

Uchishandisa mutongi, kutsauka pairi kurudyi chinhambwe akaenzana pakureba parutivi, somuenzaniso 30 neMM, uye akaisa pfungwa B.

Zvino, kubva mbiri pfungwa, kushandisa gon perpendiculars Rova zvakasimba 30 neimwe mm. At kumigumo perpendiculars yakatarwa pfungwa C uye D, izvo zvakabatana mumwe, achishandisa mutongi - zvose mativi ABCD pamwe divi 30 mm vakagadzirira!

Muchishandisa mutongi uye protractor uyewo chaizvo nyore kuvaka mativi. Tanga, sezvo muzvirevo nyaya tichitarisa Somuenzaniso N, tisingabatanidzi ayo chinjikira penguva Somuenzaniso 50 mm. Isa pfungwa O.

Zvino pakati protractor anobatana pfungwa H, kuti Checkbox iri pakona ⁰ 90, therethrough uye pfungwa H akavaka rusvingo chidimbu 50 mm pakupedzisira waro pfungwa P. Uyezve, nenzira iyi kuvaka chidimbu wechitatu kubva pfungwa O kubudikidza necheparutivi pamusoro 90 ⁰ 50 neMM, regai kugumisa pfungwa P. Connect ari Dots R uye R. makafunga OGMF mativi ane divi kureba 50 mm.

Zvinokwanisika kuvaka sikweya, vachishandisa chete kambasi uye straightedge. Kana uine inokosha kukura mativi uye anozivikanwa kureba parutivi, zvichaita vanoda zvakawanda uye karukureta.

Saka, akaisa wokutanga pfungwa E - ichi zvichava zvakaita vertices ose pachivara. Next, kusarudza nzvimbo apo zvichaitwa riri pakatarisana vertex F, kureva kumirira diagonal tyoni mufananidzo wenyu. Kana ukavaka mativi kukura, pamwe nokureba divi, ngaaverenge nokureba diagonal pamusoro nzira:

D = √2 * a, uko - divi pakureba.

Wangoziva kureba diagonal urefu tyoni kuvaka kukosha ichi. Kubva nguva E aine caliper yakananga pfungwa F kudhirowa denderedzwagama kuti nharaunda tyoni. Mukupesana, kubva pfungwa F - denderedzwagama kurutivi pfungwa E, zvakafanana nharaunda. Kuburikidza mharadzano pfungwa idzi Semi-madenderedzwa, achishandisa mutongi, tara chidimbu kubatana. Tyoni uye GI piringisha kurudyi pamakona uye diagonals ndiwo ramangwana ane mativi. Kubatanidza Dots UOM, IL, ZHZ uye WE pamwechete nomubati, muchagamuchira yakanyorwa mativi EIZHZ.

Zviri zvichiri kuvaka mativi rwonzi. Chii chinonzi sikweya? Izvi ndege mugove rakatenderedzwa intersecting zvikamu (mitsetse mwaranzi). Saka, tinogona kuvaka mativi pamusoro Coordonatele ose vertices ayo. First SWEDERA namatemo. Divi mativi anogona nhema pamusoro pavo, kana kuti mharadzano pakati diagonals ari pakati rinobatana pfungwa mavambo - napo rako chido kana dambudziko mamiriro. Zvichida mufananidzo wako achaitwa munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva kubva akabatana pane imwe kure. Chero zvazvingava, chiratidzo chokutanga Numeric tsika (randomly kana conditionally), vaviri pfungwa, ipapo iwe achazivikanwa divi Kureba sikweya. zvino tinogona ngaaverenge Coordonatele vakasara vertices maviri, tichiyeuka kuti kumativi muchivara vakaenzana nevamwe uye zvinofanana. The wokupedzisira nhano - batanidza ose Dots vari ngaatevedzane mumwe mumwe mutongi.

Ndezvipi napamatare?

Square - dimikira rinotsanangurwa zvakajeka uye zvakasimba zvishoma tsanangudzo dzavo, saka marudzi dzinoungana regai zvakasiyana-siyana.

The sikweya Euclidean geometry kunoonekwa yainyanya - a quadrilateral zvakaenzana mativi uye makona, asi ukuru pamakona kusingajekeswi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pamakona vave 120 madhigirii ( "convex" mativi), uye, somuenzaniso, 72 madhigirii ( "concave" dzakaenzana).

Kana mukakumbira chii mativi ari geometry kana zvesayenzi, vachagara kukuudza kuti - chinhu zvachose kana planar girafu (mbiru K ₁ kuburikidza K _4). Uye zvachose chokwadi. The count ane vertices uye kumicheto. Pavanomuka ari akarayira vaviri, vanoumba girafu. Kuwanda vertices - ndiwo murayiro girafu, nhamba micheto - ukuru hwaro. Saka, pachivara - a planar girafu rine vertices mana nematanhatu micheto, kana K _4: 6.

divi mativi

Mumwe mukuru ezvinhu kuti kuvapo muchivara - kuvapo yakaenzana-urefu mativi - kuti divi kunokosha chaizvo kuti dzakasiyana-siyana Masvomhu. Asi panguva imwe chete kunopa nzira dzakawanda kune mativi divi pakureba akanga dzaona pamberi akasiyana-siyana mabviro Data.

Saka, sei kuwana kukosha pachivara?

• Kana uchiziva chete nokureba diagonal ari mativi D, zvino unogona ngaaverenge nechokugedhi mutoo: a = D / √2.
• The dhayamita of yakanyorwa denderedzwa iri parutivi sikweya uye, naizvozvo, kaviri nharaunda, ndiko: a = D = 2R.
• The nharaunda yacho denderedzwa kunogonawo kubatsira edza chii kurutivi pachivara. Tinogona kuwana nharaunda R ane dhayamita D, izvo zvinozoita akaenzana diagonal ane mativi D, uye nzira nokuda diagonal ari mativi kuburikidza tinoziva: a = D / √2 = D / √2 = 2R / √2.
• Kubva wakaenzana inoreva kuti udzidze divi rimwe mativi (a) Zvinogona pachishandiswa kwayo mukomberedzo P uye nharaunda S: a = √S = P / 4.
• Kana tichiziva Kureba mutsetse kuti anoenda kubva pakona mativi uye chinoyambuka pakati yaro pedyo divi C, iyo nesu kukwanisa kuwana zvinhu pakureba kurutivi pachivara: a = 2C / √5.

Ndizvo nzira dzakawanda mune kuona kukosha parameter yakadaro nokureba pachivara.

vhorumu sikweya

Mutsara pacharo hazviiti. Chii chinonzi sikweya? Ichi ndege mufananidzo une mbiri chete parameters - kureba uye upamhi. Uye ruzha? Uyu quantitative characterization ari nzvimbo inogarwa chinhu, kureva, rinogona dzaona chete inzwi miviri.

Vakombe muviri, vose vane zviso ndivo dzinoungana - the kuutio. Pasinei kukuru uye inokosha musiyano, vadzidzi kazhinji edza kuverenga vhoriyamu imwe sikweya. Kana kuti mumwe munhu akabudirira, Nobel Prize anopiwa.

Uye kuti azive vhoriyamu imwe kuutio V, zvakakwana muwande zvose zvitatu mbabvu yake - A, B, c: V = mumwe * B * c. Uye sezvo vari pedyo tsanangudzo vakaenzana, vari nzira anogona kutarira zvakasiyana: V = ^3.

Anokoshesa nhengo uye unhu

The sikweya, uyewo chero polygon, pane musoro - ndiwo pana iyo muchinjikwa pake. Pamusoro mativi nhema pamusoro denderedzwa anorondedzerwa rwakapoteredza. Kuburikidza pamusoro nechepakati mativi ari diagonal kunosvika, riri zvakare bisector uye nharaunda yacho circumscribed denderedzwa.

Sezvo sikweya - a sandara mufananidzo, ipapo kucheka uye kuvaka mativi muchinjikwa-chikamu hazvibviri. Asi kungava Mugumisiro mharadzano nevakawanda kura muviri ndege. Somuenzaniso, imwe humburumbira. chikamu Axial mumwe humburumbira - munhu rectangle kana sikweya. Kunyange sikweya zvinogona kuitika panguva mharadzano ndege muviri chero pakona!

Asi sikweya pane imwe mafungiro pamuchinjikwa chikamu, asi kwete kuna vamwe, asi kune yendarama chikamu.

Tose tinoziva kuti Golden Ratio - a reshiyo umo imwe ukoshi chokuita rimwe uyewo mari yavo kuti ukoshi yakakura. Mukupfupikisa, kubva muzana iri sezvinotevera: bhuku ukoshi (mari) yakakamurwa 62 uye 38 muzana.

Yendarama chikamu kwakakurumbira chaizvo. Rinoshandiswa pamasikiro, mapurani, hongu pose, kunyange upfumi. Asi nhamba hwokurara kubudikidza Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras kwete chete. Kune Somuenzaniso, kunyange okuti "√2". On kwayo hwaro kuvakwa guru rectangles, izvo zvinozoita vari havaoni zvinogona boka A (A6, A5, A4, etc.). Nei tiri kutaura pamusoro simba rectangles? Nekuti kuvakwa yavo rinotanga sikweya.

Hongu, chokutanga unofanira kuvaka mativi. divi rake richava akaenzana kurutivi diki rectangle munguva yemberi. Zvino unofanira kubata diagonal ari mativi uye kushandisa chinongedzo, nokureba diagonal kumbosendeka kuenderera pachivara. Kubva nguva yakawanikwa panguva mharadzano uchivaka rectangle ane diagonal kuvaka zvakare uye kumbomira kureba kwayo kurutivi chiwedzerwa. Kana ukaramba kushanda zano iri, vachagamuchira simba chaizvo rectangles.

Nhamba divi refu kusvikira pfupi yokutanga rectangle ndiyo 0,7. Kwava 0.68 ari yendarama chikamu.

Makona mativi

Chaizvoizvo, chinhu chitsva kutaura pamusoro pamakona chakaoma. All of zvivako, ndivo zvakare zviratidzo square, isu zvawanyora. Kana makona, zvina (sezvo chero quadrangle), mumwe pakona pachivara - yakarurama mutsetse, ndiko, ane pakukura mapfumbamwe inegumi. By tsanangudzo, pane rectangular sikweya. Kana makona makuru kana madiki - iri rakasiyana mufananidzo.

Diagonal ane mativi inokamukana mu hafu makona ayo, kureva ndivo bisectors.

mativi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Kana zvakakodzera kuverenga kukosha magnitudes siyana ari mativi (mativi mukomberedzo urefu mativi kana diagonals) vanoshandisa equations siyana, izvo zvinobviswa ehupfumi ane sikweya, uye mitemo inokosha geometry mitemo.

1. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga Square nharaunda

Kubva equations kuverenga quadrilateral nharaunda, tinoziva kuti (nzvimbo) zvakagadzirwa urefu uye upamhi. Uye sezvo mativi divi vakaenzana urefu, nharaunda zvichava akaenzana pakureba divi, yakavakwa rechipiri dhigirii

S = ^2.

Uchishandisa Pythagorean theorem no, tinogona ngaaverenge nzvimbo imwe sikweya achiziva kureba diagonal.

S = D ^2/2.

2. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ari mativi mukomberedzo

The mukomberedzo of square, uyewo zvose quadrangles, akaenzana vakaverenga urefu kumativi acho, uye sezvo vari vose zvakafanana, zvinogona kunzi yaiungana ose mukomberedzo ndiko kureba chikamu, ndikawanza vana

P = mumwe + ari + mumwe + ari = 4a.

Zvakare Pythagorean theorem no kunotibatsira kuwana mukomberedzo kuburikidza diagonal. Zvakakodzera kukoshesa diagonal kureba kane maviri nemidzi vaviri

P = 2√2d

3. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga diagonal ari mativi

Diagonal ane mativi vakaenzana piringisha kurudyi pamakona ndokuparadzanisa mharadzano achitandadza maviri.

Unogona kudziwana pahwaro pamusoro equations kwenharaunda uye mukomberedzo ane mativi

D = √2 * A, D = √2S, D = P / 2√2

Pane nzira uzive zvinhu kureba diagonal ane mativi. The nharaunda yacho denderedzwa nokudhindwa mativi zviri akaenzana hafu diagonal, saka

D = √2D = 2√2R, apo D - dhayamita, uye R - the nharaunda yacho yakanyorwa denderedzwa.

Kuziva nharaunda yacho circumscribed denderedzwa, overenga diagonal kunyange nyore, nokuti ndiye dhayamita, i.e. D = D = 2R.

Zvinogonekawo kuti kuverenga urefu diagonal, achiziva Kureba mutsetse achibuda pakona nechepakati mativi C: D = √8 / 5 * C.

Asi usakanganwa kuti pachivara - ndege rangano, rakatenderedzwa mana intersecting mitsetse.

For mitsetse (uye kuumbwa zvitarisiko kuti) pane equations zvakakwana regai zvinoda mimwe description, asi mutsetse uri kusingaperi. A shoma polygons mitsetse mharadzano. Kwavari zvinokwanisika kushandisa Linear equations zvabatanidzwa pakutsanangura akarurama mitsetse. Asi zvinokosha kuti tsanangurai mamwe parameters, mamiriro.

Kuti tizive polygons zvakafanira kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvokuti kuti kutsanangura asiri mutsetse asi yakaparadzana zvemasanga penguva pasina kukanganiswa dzokuwedzera mashoko uye rondedzero.

_{[X / X, i] * [} X, i / x] * and I - ichi chinokosha mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nokuda polygons.

The mativi mumabhuraketi mairi anongedze zvagara mamiriro chinhu fractional chikamu nhamba, kureva, tinofanira kusiya chete nhamba yose. Y _Ini - a basa iri siyana parameter X kuti X _i.

Tichishandisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi, isu vanogona kuva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga mutsva kuverenga urefu uye mutsetse zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Chinhu chinokosha, nokudenga nokuti polygons.

Yeuka kuti pachivara - ndiwo chikamu plane, saka kwayo rondedzero mhando and = d (x) rinogona kuratidzirwa, kazhinji chete sechinhu multi-vaikoshesa basa, izvo zvaizoitawo zvinogona kutaurwa inonzwisisika kana adziise parametrically, kuti kunobva pakuti mumwe parameter t:

x = d (T), y = d (T).

Saka, kana kushandiswa pavanoparidza yezvisikwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga uye parametric amiririrwe, zviri here kuti zvinopiwa munhu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuti kutaura polygons:

x = ((A2 + A3) * A5 + A4 * P) * Kosi (L)

Y = ((A1 + A4) * A5 + A3 * P) * Sin (L),

apo

A1 = [1 / [T / P]] * [T / P]; A2 = [2 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 2]; A3 = [3 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 3]; A4 = [4 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 4]; A5 = TP * [T / P],

apo P - diagonal of rectangle, L - pakona kuti mafungiro kune chinjikira, diagonal P, T - parameter kusiyanisa zviri kuwanda P kusvika 5P.

Kana L = 3,14 / 4, ipapo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga achaita kutsanangura dzaiungana inosiyana, zvichienderana ukuru diagonal P.

Kushandiswa sikweya

Munyika yanhasi ruzivo vachikubvumira batanidza zvinhu siyana mativi chimiro, kana kupfuura chaizvo sikweya muchinjikwa chikamu.

Izvi zvikurukuru zvakanaka, isingadhuri, Kunogara uye akachengeteka. Saka, zvino sikweya pombi, mirwi, waya (wiring), uye kunyange mativi shinda.

Main zvakwakanakira vari pachena, vakabva chepuraimari geometry. With zvakafanana rakanyorwa denderedzwa ane mativi nzvimbo duku kupfuura nharaunda umo yakapinda, naizvozvo, throughput kana simba kudyiwa pachivara chubhu ine mativi waya kuva kupfuura kuti rwakapoteredza analogs.

Kazhinji consumables sikweya zvikuru nemachira zvinofadza uye nyore kushandisa, kuisa, negomo.

Kana uchisarudza zvinhu izvi zvakakosha zvakarurama kuverenga mativi muchinjikwa-chikamu kuti waya kana nyere akapikisa anodiwa mutoro. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, Chokwadi, hunozodiwa parameters zvakadai simba razvino kana kumanikidzwa, asi pasina dzinokosha geometric mitemo pachivara kuita pano. Kunyange zvazvo kukura mativi chikamu haina zvokuti dzaona sezvo akasarudzwa kupiwa parameters ari Mabhokisi vakokwa kuti maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana.