Chemical ehupfumi rwesarufa. Zvinoitwa rwesarufa uye achibika pfungwa

Sarufa chinhu ichocho, riri retanhatu boka periodic table uye wechitatu nguva. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura ayo zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako, kuunganidzwa, kushandiswa uye zvichingodaro. The yezvaari anosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai ruvara, votadza zvemagetsi conductivity, sarufa kufashaira tembiricha t. Q. Chemical chete anorondedzera kudyidzana kwayo nevamwe zvinhu.

kubva pfungwa nemaonero wefizikisi Sarufa

Chinhu kuputsika nyaya. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, zviri yakasimba ezvinhu. Sarufa ane ndimu-yellow ruvara. Uye nokuda kworutivi zvose zvayo yeimwe vane tsvuku kwerima guru. The mvura hazvirevi nyunguduka. Rine pasi chafariz uye magetsi conductivity. Izvi zvinhu zvaizobatsira sechinhu randinenge vasiri-metal. Pasinei chokwadi kuti makemikari anoumba nesarufa haina kuoma, nefuma anogona kuva zvakasiyana akawanda. All kunobva sekristaro yekamuri mamiriro, izvo zvakabatanidzwa nomukombiyuta maatomu, mamorekuru, hadzisi.

Saka, pfungwa yokutanga - rhombic nesarufa. Ndicho kupfuura akatsiga. Izvi mhando rwesarufa Kubika tembiricha zvina mazana mana namashanu Celsius. Asi kuti nokuda fuma yakapfuura kupinda gaseous mamiriro, zviri kutanga zvakafanira kupfuura nemvura. Saka, kunyunguduka nesarufa kunoitika panguva imwe tembiricha iri madhigirii zana namatatu Celsius.

Musimboti Second - monoclinic nesarufa. Zviri tsono serin'i crystals ane rima tsvuku ruvara. Kubvunda yokutanga mhando nesarufa, uye ipapo ayo anononoka kutonhora kunoita kuti paumbwe ichi mhando. Miti iyi ine rinenge chete chaiko unhu. Somuenzaniso, kubika pfungwa nesurferi iri mhando - zvose zvakafanana madhigirii mana namakumi mana navashanu. Uyezve, pane kudaro siyana zvinhu zvakadai epurasitiki. Zvinonzi yaunganidzwa kudira mumvura inotonhora, neshungu kuti pedo Kubika rhombic. The Kubika pfungwa nesarufa pamusoro fomu zvakangofanana. Asi fuma ane pfuma kutambanudza kufanana rabha.

Chimwe chezvinonhuwira mumuviri zvatariswa izvo ndinoda kutaura - sarufa kuvesa tembiricha. mufananidzo uyu dzingasiyana zvichienderana norudzi zvinhu yayo mavambo. Somuenzaniso, zvekushandisa sarufa kuvesa tembiricha yakanga madhigirii rimwe namakumi mapfumbamwe. Uyu kumbonyanya yakaderera nhamba. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zviri kupenya pfungwa nesarufa kunogona maviri namakumi mana navasere madhigirii, uye kunyange maviri namakumi mashanu navatanhatu. Zvose zvinoenderana ingava mined, iro rine arambe achirema ane zvinhu. Asi zvinokwanisika kugumisa kuti nesarufa combustion tembiricha iri zvakakwana pasi, ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, zviri zvinobata moto. Uyezve, sarufa dzimwe nguva kubatanidzwa mune mamorekuru rinoumbwa sere, matanhatu, ina kana maviri maatomu. Zvino vaiona nesarufa kubva pfungwa nemaonero wefizikisi, kutamira kune chinotevera.

Chemical characterization rwesarufa

The chinhu ane hwakanyatsorwisa pasi mabhomba kurema kwayo akaenzana matatu namaviri magiramu muzana Chidembo,. eremendi sarufa zvinhu kunosanganisira zvakakurumbira pafuma sokukwanisa kuva kunosiyana inosiyana oxidation. Izvi zvakasiyana Somuenzaniso, rehydrogen kana okisijeni. Kufunga mubvunzo pamusoro chii makemikari zvechadenga chinhu sarufa, hazvibviri tisingatauri kuti iye, zvichienderana nezvirango, unoratidza sei kupora uye oxidizing zvivako. Saka, kuti kuongorora kukurukurirana pamusoro chete zvakasiyana makemikari.

Sarufa nyore zvinhu

Simple ndivo avo kuti akaumbwa mumwe chete maatomu akafanana. maatomu ayo anogona kubatanidzwa mune morekuru, akadai, somuenzaniso, pane nyaya okisijeni, kana arege kwakabatana, sezvinowanzoita simbi. Saka, nesarufa anogona sei pamwe simbi, vamwe vasiri simbi uye halogens.

Kudyidzana pamwe simbi

Kuti dzika kuti muitiro mhando iyi zvinoda kumusoro tembiricha. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hapana chiri kuwedzera kuita. Iyo simbi maatomu ikashandiswa pamwe nesarufa maatomu yokuumba kunzwisisa imwe chete sulfides. Somuenzaniso, kana moles maviri potassium kupisa, vachisanganisa navo mumwe nhuta rwesarufa kuwana chimwe nhuta yacho simbi sulfide. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kunyorwa seizvi: 2K + S = K ₂ S.

Zvaakazoita pamwe okisijeni

Zvinonzi unopfuta nesafuri. Nokuda kwayo oxide achiumbwa izvi. Yokupedzisira rinogona mhando mbiri. Naizvozvo, nesarufa kupisa anogona kutora nzvimbo mumatanho maviri. Origin - apo mumwe nhuta rwesarufa uye mumwe norwaivhi reokisijeni chete nhuta kuti kuumbwa Sarufa dioxide. Record maitiro ichi makemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga sezvinotevera: S + Haiwa ₂ = SO _2. Danho Rechipiri - kubatana mumwe yakasviba pamwe okisijeni maatomu. Izvi kunoitika kana kuwedzera moles maviri rwesarufa yakasviba chete nhuta reokisijeni pasi kumusoro tembiricha ezvinhu. Zvinoguma maviri moles Sarufa trioxide. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga izvi makemikari nekuita zviri sezvinotevera: 2Saka ₂ + Haiwa ₂ = 2Saka _3. Somugumisiro akadaro kuita unobereka sulfuric acid. Saka, sezvo vakaita vaviri-kurondedzerwa muitiro unogona akapembera trioxide kuwanikwa kuburikidza ndege kuti chiutsi. Uye tinowana sulphate acid. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga akadai maitiro chakanyorwa sezvinotevera: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Kudyidzana pamwe halogens

Chemical ehupfumi rwesarufa, uyewo vamwe vasiri nesimbi, kubvumira kuti sei boka iri zvinhu. Zvinosanganisira yeimwe akadai fluoro, Bromo, chloro, iodo. Sarufa ikasakendenga chero wavo, kunze rokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, tiri kufunga fluorination rikurumidze periodic table maatomu akafanana. With Kudziya akati vasiri-metal kuti halogen fluoride unogona kuwana zvakasiyana maviri. nyaya First: kana munhu anotora chimwe nhuta kuti Sarufa uye zvitatu moles ose fluorine chete nhuta kuti fluoride kuwana vane nzira iri SF _6. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga riri sezvinotevera: S + 3F ₂ = SF _6. Uyezve, pane pfungwa yechipiri, kana munhu anotora chimwe nhuta rwesarufa uye vaviri moles ose fluorine paminiti nhuta kuwana fluoride pamwe makemikari payakavakirwa SF _4. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Sezvaunogona kuona, izvozvo zvose zvinoenderana kukura umo zvakamisa hurongwa yakasananiswa. Saizvozvo iwe unogona kuchengeta nesarufa chlorination muitiro (kunogonawo kuumba mbiri dzakasiyana zvinhu) kana bromination.

Kudyidzana nevamwe nyore zvinhu

At ichi maitiro sarufa eremendi rinoguma. The fuma anogonawo mishonga sei pamwe hydrogenous, phosphorus uye kabhoni. Nokuda kubata pamwe rehydrogen sulfide kuumbwa acid. Somugumisiro ayo maitiro pamwe simbi vanogona kuwana sulfides zvavo, izvo zvaizoitawo uyewo yakagadzirwa kuita nesarufa pamwe chete simbi zvakananga. Accession maatomu kuti maatomu rehydrogen Sarufa kunoitika chete panguva yakakwirira chaizvo tembiricha. In zvakaitwa nesurferi pamwe phosphorus iri akaiumba phosphide. It ane nzira: P ₂ S _3. Kuti vawane mumwe nhuta pamusoro fuma, zvakakodzera kutora maviri namatatu moles pakati phosphorus moles Sarufa. Kana sarufa iri vakaita pamwe kabhoni marudzi carbides vaiona nonmetal. Its makemikari payakavakirwa iri sezvinotevera: CS _2. Kuti vawane mumwe nhuta pamusoro fuma, zvakakodzera kutora rimwe nhuta pakati kabhoni uye vaviri moles rwesarufa. Vose-pamusoro apa Kuwedzera maitiro chete kuitika pasi ezvinhu muchidziisa reactants yakakwirira tembiricha. Takurukura kubata rwesarufa nyore zvinhu, zvino mberi inotevera chinhu.

Sarufa kunzwisisa yeimwe

Complex vaya zvinhu vane mamorekuru ine mbiri (kana kupfuura) zvakasiyana okunze. Chemical ehupfumi rwesarufa kubvumira kuti sei pamwe yeimwe dzakadai alkali kuisa sulfate acid. Zviri zvikuru inoitika siyana pavakanzwa izvi zvinhu. Kutanga, funga kuti chii chinoitika kana hwakakanyiwa alkali pasi kukurukurwa nonmetal. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kutora moles nhanhatu kuti potassium hydroxide uye achiwedzera kwachiri moles matatu nesarufa, sulfide kuwana moles maviri potassium chete nhuta nesimbi sulphite uye zvitatu moles mvura. Zvinogona varehwa nazvo maererano zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga mhando iyi: 6KON + 3S = 2K ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3 ₂ O. The ichocho kusakarongeka kunoitika nokuwedzera yavaibvisa hydroxide. Next, funga maitiro nesarufa kubudikidza kuwedzera kwachiri pamusoro kuramba sulfate asidhi mhinduro. Kana tikatora mumwe nhuta wokutanga uye chechipiri moles maviri fuma, isu tiwane zvinotevera zvigadzirwa: sarufa trioxide mune imwe mari moles matatu, uye mvura - maviri moles. Izvi kwemakemikari zvinogona bedzi kuzadzikwa muchidziisa reactants soro tembiricha.

Kuwana vaiona nonmetal

Pane nzira dzakawanda naro unogona kuwana kubva siyana nesurferi yeimwe. nzira yokutanga - the yavaive vayo pyrite. Chemical okupedzisira payakavakirwa - Fes _2. Pamusoro muchidziisa fuma refu tembiricha pasina chinhu mapindiro reokisijeni kwazviri vanogona kugamuchira mamwe simbi sulfide - Fes - nesarufa. The kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: Fes ₂ = Fes + S. The nzira yechipiri kubereka sarufa, iro rinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri, - mumwe combustion sulfide sarufa, akagovera duku okisijeni. Muchiitiko chino, hanya anogona makazvigadzira nonmetal uye mvura. Nokuti kuita, unofanira kutora zvinoumba ari matadza reshiyo mbiri mumwe. Somugumisiro, chokupedzisira chigadzirwa iri kukura vaviri vaviri. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga vari kwemakemikari zvinogona kunyorwa sezvinotevera: 2h ₂ S + Haiwa ₂ = 2S + 2h ₂ O. Uyewo, nesarufa inogona vakazvigadzirirwa siyana metallurgia urongwa Somuenzaniso, muna kugadzirwa nesimbi akadai nickel, mhangura uye nevamwe.

Kushandisa indasitiri

widest kushandisirwa tiri kufunga zvisiri-metal inowanikwa makemikari indasitiri. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pano rinoshandiswa dzokubvisa asidhi sulphate. Uyezve, sarufa rinoshandiswa senzira chezvinonhuwira kuti kugadzirwa remachisa, nokuti mashoko acho zvinobata moto. Uye rinokosha panguva zvaAtemisi zvinoputika, gunpowder, Bengal zviedza, uye vamwe. Uyezve, sarufa rinoshandiswa somumwe zvokubikisa ose chipembenene kuzvidzora. In mushonga, rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo chinoumba iri kugadzirwa mishonga zvirwere ganda. Uyewo, nefuma mu mubvunzo rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi madhayi siyana. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa mune zvaAtemisi phosphors.

Electronic maumbirwo nesarufa

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, maatomu zvose ine panozogadzirika ine protons - chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu - uye neutrons, kureva, inoramba kuva razero vatariri ... Maerekitironi dzitendererane musimboti, izvo akaipa muripo. Kuti vasapindira atomu waro nechivako kunofanira chete nhamba protons uye maerekitironi. Kana refu, iri kunaka Ion - anion. Kana pamusoro zvinopesana - nhamba protons mukuru Erekitironi - zvakanaka Ion kana nokuo- nga. sarufa anion anogona kushumira sezvo iine acid vakasara. Ndizvo chikamu samolecular zvinhu zvakadai sulfide asidhi (rehydrogen sulfide), uye simbi sulfides. The anion akaumba panguva electrolytic dissociation, kunoitika apo Kuparadzwa nefuma mumvura. Kana Morekuru ichi hunoparadza kuva nokuo- nga iyo inogona anomirirwa muchimiro zvesimbi Ion kana sehydrogen, uye nokuo- nga - Ion iine acid vakasara kana hydroxyl boka (OH-). Sezvo Serial nhamba nesarufa periodic table - gumi navatanhatu, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti panguva paro chaizvo nhamba iyi protons. On hwaro ichi, tinogona kutaura kuti maerekitironi orbiting gumi zvakare. Kuwanda neutrons inogona kuwanikwa Tikabvisa ari matadza guru pamusoro Serial nhamba kwemakemikari chinhu 32 - 16 = 16. Mumwe Erekitironi rotates chaotically, uye pane imwe muchadenga. Sezvo sarufa - kwemakemikari chaikosha rinopiwa rechitatu nguva periodic table, uye nhatu kutenderera kumativi musimboti. Pazuva rokutanga izvi maerekitironi mbiri iri rechipiri - sere, pazuva rechitatu - matanhatu. Electronic payakavakirwa sarufa atomu zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Kuwanda zvakasikwa

Kazhinji vaiona makemikari Kufananidzira anowanikwa anoumba zvicherwa, izvo zvakasiyana-siyana nesimbi sulfides. Izvi anonyanya pyrite - simbi munyu; uyewo kutungamirira, sirivha, mhangura kubwinya, zingi blende, cinnabar - nemekiyuri sulfide. Uyezve, sarufa anogona vanobatanidzwa murwiyo zvicherwa, sechivako anomirirwa matatu kana kupfuura zvine maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso, chalcopyrite, ivo munyu, kieserite, gypsum. Unogona kufunga chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi zvizere. Pyrite - This Ferrum sulphide, kana Fes _2. It ane rakachenuruka yero ruvara ane yendarama Sheen. chicherwa ichi chinogona kazhinji kuwanikwa sechinhu mu nedhaimani, iro zvikuru kushandiswa kugadzirwa zvishongo. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvicherwa izvi zviviri vanowanzoda zvakafanana munda. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, kana - chinomiririra rinokwanisa kucheneruka-wachena fuma rakafanana simbi. Galena (galena) uye sirivha chipenye (argentite) vane maitiro akafanana: vose akafanana simbi dziri pfumbu. Cinnabar - a brownish-tsvuku chicherwa ane yakagomara pfumbu makwapa akasvibirika. Chalcopyrite, ane kemikari payakavakirwa ndiye CuFeS _2, - yendarama yero, inonzi yendarama blende. Zingi blende (sphalerite) angava ruvara kubva rinopenya kusvikira yakajeka-orenji. The munyu - Na ₂ SO ₄ x10H ₂ O - mune segirazi crystals chena. It Anonziwo Glauber kuti munyu, inoshandiswa mukurapa. Chemical fomura kieserite - MgSO ₄ xH ₂ O. Rinooneka sezvo chena kana Hauoneki upfu. Chemical fomura gypsum - CaSO ₄ x2H ₂ O. Uyewo, makemikari vanzwe chikamu masero zvipenyu, uye kunokosha chero maatomu akafanana.