Chii chinonzi realism?

Chii chinonzi realism? Mune unyanzvi uye mabhuku, shoko iri rinoreva chinangwa chinoratidzika chechokwadi kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo akasiyana-siyana uye maitiro anowanikwa mune imwe rudzi rwekugadzirwa kwehupenzi. Kuitika mune zvayo kunogona kutora maitiro akasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nesarudzo dzakasarudzwa yekusika. Semuenzaniso, vanosimbisa kujekesa, kutsoropodza, socialist uye mamwe marudzi echokwadi. Imwe neimwe nzira idzi inopesana pane zvayo uye maitiro.

Mupfungwa yakafara, humwe huri mune huni hunorondedzerwa sechiitiko mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro emhando, iyo inopfuurira netsika dzakasarudzwa zvehutano hwepasi rose. Chiyero chezvechokwadi chebasa ndechokupindira kwaro muupenyu, kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvinokosha zvezviitiko zvezuva nezuva mune unyanzvi.

Kuti unzwisise zviri nani humwe huripo, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa zvakadzama zvinoreva izwi iri. Maererano naye, ichi ndicho chimiro chemaitiro chakaonekwa munguva yeChiedza. Tsanangudzo yakanyatsojeka uye yakajeka yezvikamu zvayo zvikuru inogona kuwanikwa muhutano hunokosha hwezana remakore rechigumi nemakumi mana uye muhutano hwezvemagariro evanhu muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Nenzira iyi, kubudirira kunobatanidza kudzidza kweunhu hweunhu nekubatana kwayo nesangano, nzvimbo yehutano, uye zvimwe zvekunze. Hazvifanirwe kukanganwa kuti kubudirira kwekufunga kune zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana mumhando dzakasiyana nemhando dzehudhi.

Kufanirwa kwakasiyana nedzimwe nzira dzakafanana. Nokuda kwekuti, chimiro chechimiro chinotora sechikonzero chekufananidza kwechimiro kunze kwekukanganisa zvakadzika matanho ezvokwadi, uye kufunga kusingafungi kunoratidza zvokwadi zvakarurama, kungoteerera kungofanana neicho chechikamu chechinhu kana chinoshamisa. Icho chimiro chechimiro cheunyanzvi hwezvechokwadi chinopindirana zvakananga nechiyero chekutsanangurira fomu yakasarudzwa kumutsanangudzo weimwe pfungwa yekusika.

Chii chinonzi realism? Pakati pezvinhu zvakajairika zveyo nzira ndiyo kuvimbika pakuberekwa kwezviitiko, phenomena nezvimwe zvinhu. Pasinei neizvi, uhwu uhwu hwakazara nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuziva uye kuratidza chokwadi. Uchapupu hweizvi huchava runyora rurefu rwemazita evakakurumbira vanyori, vanyori nevamwe vanyori vanove vakasiyana nemasarudzo akasarudzwa ekusika. Zvose zvavo, kubva kuna Rembrandt kusvika kuRepin, zvinoratidza kuti mikana yezvokwadi inoshamisa zvikuru uye yakasiyana.

Mune maonero ekuona, chinhu chakasiyana chezvokwadi ndeyekukumbira kuchifananidzo chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kubudirira kwehutungamiri uhwu kunobatanidza nebasa ravatenzi veChiedza, avo vakatsoropodza urongwa hwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, muRussia ava ndivo vaWanderers, avo vakashanda kuti vagadzirise zvipo zvezvechokwadi mune zvinyorwa uye zvemazuva ose, nzvimbo uye mifananidzo yemifananidzo.

Kazhinji zvinotaridzirwa sepasinei neveRoma, vamiririri varo vakange vakatsunga kuumba chinhu chitsva.

Chinyorwa chinokosha, icho chakaitika mukugadzirwa kwenyika dzakawanda dzeEurope neUnited States, chaitungamirirwa nemufananidzo wehupenyu hwakaoma hwechikamu chepasi chevanhu, kushorwa kwevarombo kune vapfumi, netsitsi nokuda kwekushata kwakaipa kwevanotambura. Chikonzero chakakosha cheRussia chakakwira muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, rakaratidzwa mumitambo yaP. Fedotov, vanyori I. Repin, I. Kramskoy nevamwe vazhinji. Musoro unonyanya kukosha mubasa rezviwero ndiko kushorwa kwekusaruramisira kwehupenyu hwevanhu.

Chimwe chiratidzo chinonzi socialist realism (1930s-1980s). Iyo inofungidzirwa kuti inonyanya kurongeka maitiro mune unyanzvi hweUSSR. Chinangwa chehutungamiri hwemagariro evanhu hwakanga huri kugadziriswa kwezvinangwa zvevanhu, zvifananidzo zvehukama hutsva uye vanhu vanobatana navo. Purogiramu yakasimba yehutungamiri iyi yaive yakavakirwa mukukudzwa kwekuvandudzwa uye vatungamiri vayo, kuvakwa kwevanhu uye zveSoviet worldview.

Gare gare, unyanzvi hwokutendeseka munyika dzakasiyana-siyana hunowana zvigaro zvenyika, uye mukati memiganhu yayo maitiro akasiyana uye mazano anoratidza ivo pachavo. Mikana ye nzira chaiye yakasiyana zvikuru uye yakakura, asi ine mhedziso inogadzirisa iyo. Sezvo nzira yakasikwa yekusika, humwe hwechokwadi hwakakosha mumazana emakore adarika, nhasi inofanira kurwisana nemitambo iyo inogadzirisa kukura kwayo. Nokudaro, mubvunzo wezvokwadi ndeipi, zvingasava nemhinduro imwe chete, sezvo pfungwa iyi yakaoma zvikuru uye yakasiyana-siyana.