Icelandic sagas: tsanangudzo, zvikamu, zviripo uye maitiro

Icelandic sagas ndiyo inonyanya kutaurwa yemabhuku eScandinavian. Yakabva kumativi ezana remakore rechi12, panguva apo, mumaonero evasayendisiti, mutauro wakanyorwa wakabuda munyika ino. Zvisinei, nhoroondo dzemuromo uye tsika dzaivepo kare, uye dzakaumba hwaro hwemabasa aya.

Tsanangudzo shoma

Icelandic sagas ndiwo maitiro emitambo inotaura nezvekare kare kwete chete yehurumende ino, asiwo yezvivakidzani nenharaunda. Ndicho chikonzero ivo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yeNorthern Europe nyika. Pamwechete, shoko rokuti "kushandurwa" rinoreva "rakataurwa". Chirongwa nechimiro zvemabasa aya zvakasiyana nerusununguko rwekupa mharidzo, huwandu hwezvinyorwa zvemafungiro, izvo zvinowanzobatanidzwa nemashoko chaiwo ekare. Vane mauto makuru ezvinyorwa zvaiwanzogadzikana, varwi, madzimambo. Nokudaro, chirevo cheIcelandic chinyorwa chezvinyorwa zvezviitiko, asi zvinongowanikwa mune fantastic, semi-legendary form. Iko kunetseka pakunzwisisa zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika mumabasa aya ndezvekuti ivo vauya kwatiri mumakopi, zvinyorwa zvechipiri, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvichinyorwa umo zvinenge zvakaoma kuziva mutsara wepakutanga.

Nhoroondo dzeMadzimambo

Icelandic sagas inogona kunge yakagadzirirwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kufanana ndezve nyaya pamusoro pemadzimambo eNorway. Mamwe mabasa anotaura pamusoro pevatongi mumwe nomumwe, asi panewo zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa, somuenzaniso, iyo yakakurumbira "Circle of the Earth," iyo kunyora kunonzi inoshandiswa kune akakurumbira mutengesi weScandinavian antiquities, mudetembi, munyori wenhau dzakaitika uye nyanzvi wenyika Snorri Sturluson. Iyi kereke inosanganisira nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kubva panguva yekare kusvika muna 1177. Kunewo masaga pamusoro pemadzimambo eDenmark, somuenzaniso, mumwe wavo anotaura nezvemhando imwe yekutonga Knutling.

About Icelandic History and Translations

Boka rechipiri ndiyo nhoroondo pamusoro peIceland pachayo. Vanogonawo kugoverwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Kune zvakadaro zvinonzi sagas pamusoro pekare, izvo panguva yakafanira zvakanzi "nhema", sezvakanyorwa pamusoro pezana remakore asati agadziriswa kwechitsuwa, ruzivo rwakanga rusina kupona. Nokudaro, iyo yakakosha ndiyo yaive yekare yekare, nheyo nenziyo, umo, nenzira, zviyero zvinowanikwa mumatano evamwe vanhu vechiGermany.

Saga yakakurumbira yeIcelandic munyaya dzakatevedzana iyi, zvichida, iyo "Legend of Sturlung", vamiririri vemhuri yekare yakarwira simba. Iyo inonyatsotsanangurwa mumutsananguro wezviitiko: mumutauro unogona kuwana zvakawanda zvakajeka uye zvinonakidza zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo pamusoro pezvakapfuura zvenyika. Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira sagas pamusoro pebhishopi, rinotsanangura vafundisi vezana remakore 11 kusvika ku14, pamwe nekereke iri munyika. Uye, pakupedzisira, boka rechitatu rinoshandurwa mabasa akazvipira kune zviitiko kubva munhoroondo yevamwe vanhu vokuEurope (semuenzaniso, "The Trojan Saga").

Toponymy

Nzvimbo inokosha pakati pezvinyorwa zveScandinavia ndeyechokwadi pamusoro peIcelanders. Aya mabasa ane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzika izvo zvinozvisiyanisa pakati pemamwe mabasa emaitiro akadaro. Iine nhamba yakawanda yezviratidzo zvenyika, izvo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaoma kushandura muchiRussia. Mutsamba iwe unogona kuwana mazita kwete zvezvinhu zvakakura zvakadai sehova, makungwa, makomo, asiwo misha, mapurazi, misha. Mhedziso yekupedzisira inotsanangurwa nenyaya yokuti nheyo yerudzi urwu ndeyekutanga uye nhau huru yemunhu uyo, panguva yekunyora, aigara mune imwe nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, Icelandic "Saga yaKeith" inoreva mazita efjord apo protagonist yaigara. Zvose izvi zvinonyanya kukosha mukuongorora kwezvinyorwa, sezvo zvine ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemasikirwo.

Dambudziko rezvakaitika kare

Chipiri chechimiro chezviitiko zvemabasa aya ndechekuonekwa kwavo kwechokwadi uye kwechokwadi. Ichokwadi ndechokuti vanyori vakatenda nomwoyo wose kuti ma-hero heroes avo aivepo, uye saka vakatsanangura zvakadzama, kunyanya kunyatsotarisa, mabasa avo, zvinyorwa, mazano, izvo zvakapa nhoroondo yekunyengetedza inokosha. Masayendisiti akawanda "anotongana" pamagwaro acho, kazhinji achitora zvakataurwa pamusoro pechokwadi. Zvisinei, nhoroondo yezvakaitika uye zviitiko chaiyo zvichiri kuonekwa pano, asi zvakaputirwa nehutano hwakasimba hwehutano hwokuti zvakaoma zvikuru kuparadzanisa chokwadi kubva kune fikisi.

Mubvunzo pamusoro pekunyora

Nokuti dzimwe nguva nhoroondo yepamusoro yakanga ichitungamirirwa nemafungiro ekuti avo vakanyora sagas vakanga vasiri ivo vanyori vanyori, asi vakangogadzirisa tsika yemuromo. Zvisinei, muzana remakore rechi20 pfungwa yakabva yasvika yokuti vanyori vanoziva neAkare Icelandic folklore vakasika mabasa avo epakutanga. Pari zvino, maonero anowedzera kuti avo vanyori, kuunganidza uye kunyatsogadzirisa zvinyorwa zvezvinhu, zvisinei, zvakaunza zvizhinji zvayo muga zvavo, kuitira kuti mumabasa avo tsika dzevanhu dzinopindirana zvakanyanya neyinyorwa. Izvi zvinobatsira pakuziva kuti zvakaoma kuziva kuti ndiani akanga ari munyori wepakutanga webasa racho. Somuenzaniso, Icelandic "Eymunda Saga", mambo weNorway akabatanidzwa muzviitiko zvekare kare reRussia, yakachengetwa mu "Saga yeOlav the Sacred", iyo kunyora iyo inowanzozivikanwa kune Sturluson, asi izvi zvinongova kungofungidzira kusati kwanyatsoratidzwa.

Nezve nyika yedu

Mumabasa anofungidzirwa, sezvatotaurwa kare, kune dhenda kune dzimwe nyika dziri kumadokero, kusanganisira nyika yedu. Nyaya dzakawanda dzenyaya dzinotonyanya kufanana, masayendisiti anowanzowana kufanana pakati pezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zveScandinavia uye zvekare dzekare dzeRussia. Vavakidzani vavo vaigara vachinyatsoteerera kuIcelandic sagas. Rusichi (zita revanhu) kazhinji kacho akazova nhengo dzakakwana muzviitiko, kana kwete pakati pekucherechedza. Kazhinji, mabasa anotaura nyika dzeRussia, nzvimbo iyo iyi kana iyo nyaya inoitika. Somuenzaniso, "Saga weHobbie-Pedestrian", ichibva muzana remakore rechi14, inoshandura chiito kuna Ladoga, uko iyo hero inoroora mwanasikana wamambo, anokunda veSweden uye anova mutongi. Nenzira, iri munhoroondo iyi kuti pane nyaya yakafanana zvikuru neyanozivikanwa yakakurumbira yeWachenjera Oleg (nhau pamusoro pemukuru nemabhiza ake). Izvi zvakare zvinoratidza kuti kushamwaridzana kwemitambo pakati pevanhu ava kwakange kwakadini.

Pano inofanira kurehwa kuti "Saga yeEymund" yakakurumbira inewo ruzivo pamusoro pekare kare yeRussia. Inotaurira kuti protagonist, mambo, anosvika sei mubasa reKritain Yaroslav uye anouya kushanda kwake. Anotora chikamu mumatambudziko ezvematongerwe enyika ezvo nguva iyo yakabatana nekurwa kwemutongi uyu nesimba. Nokudaro, shanduro yeIcelandic Viking yeNorthern Northern Russia inofadza kune mamwe maitiro pamusoro penhoroondo yenyika yedu.

S. Sturluson

Uyu ndiye munyori wekutanga uye muunganidzi weIcelandic antiquities, iyo nhau dzakachengetedzwa. Musayendisiti akaunganidza mapurogiramu emabasa, nhetembo uye, zvichida, ndiye ndiye akanyora zvikamu zviviri zvakakura kupfuura zvose paIcelandic nyanzvi: bhuku rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvezvenheti uye chekuunganidza sagas. Tinovonga munhu uyu, tine pfungwa yakajeka yezvinyorwa zvekare zvekare. Haana kuzviisa pamusoro pekudzorera nekugadzirisa mabasa akato apedza, asi akanyora pasi nhoroondo yevanhu vake mumamiriro ezvinhu eEurope, kutanga neyekare kare. IIcelandic royal sagas kuEastern Europe yekunyora kwayo inyaya inokosha pane geography uye inonyanya kuonekwa munzvimbo ino.

Mubasa rake kunewo mamwe mashoko pamusoro pevaSlav. Akaedza pane imwe nharaunda yezvesayenzi kutsanangura nzira nemaitiro eScandinavia nhetembo pamusoro pemuenzaniso wemabasa ake. Izvi zvinotibvumira kutonga maitiro nexical nemitauro yekusika nyaya. Nokudaro, basa rake nderimwe kupfupisa kwemazuva makuru ekubudirira kwekare kare yeIcelandic.

Ongororo

Kazhinji, maonero pamusoro peIcelandic sagas anonyanya kunaka. Vaverengi nevashandi vanotaura kuti zvaifadza kuziva nezvehupenyu uye hutano hwevanhu hwekare. Vanocherechedzawo kuti munhoroondo idzi hukama hwevanhu huri nyore hunoendeswa, hunoita kuti munhu ave nerudo rwakasiyana nedzimwe nzvimbo. Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe vaverengi vanocherechedza kuti mutauro weSagas unenge wakaoma uye unogadzikana, kuti une mazita mazhinji, vanhu uye zvinyorwa, izvo zvinogona kunyanya kunzwisa pfungwa ye nyaya yose. Kunyange zvakadaro, vazhinji vashanduri vanokurudzira kuverenga zvichida zvimwe sagas kune wese anofarira muRussia yekare (uye kwete chete) nhoroondo uye yekare.