Chii chinonzi hieroglyphs, uye chinorevei?

Chii chinonzi hieroglyphs? Ndezvipi zvavanoshandiswa, uye kuti vanozvinzwisisa sei? Ko zviratidzo zvakakosha zvakadai zvingashandurwa nenzira imwechete mumutauro watinonzwisisa, kududzirwa uye kutaridzirwa here? Zvechokwadi iwe unogona. Pakati pemakorokota kune zvose zvekare zvisati zvashandiswa kwemazuva mazhinji, uye mazuva ano anowanikwa mune tsamba yezvizhinji zvemadzinza ekumavirira. Yokutanga, hongu, kujekesa zvakaoma, iyo yekupedzisira inogona kushandurwa kushandiswa kuburikidza ne "Google". Nokudaro, kuitira kuti munhu wese anzwisise kuti ndei uye kuti chii chaidyiwa nacho, ticharondedzera zvakajeka kuti mahieroglyphs ndeapi, mapoka mapi avanoparadzanisa uye zvaanoreva.

Tsanangudzo yezwi

Muchirevo chinowanzogamuchirwa, hieroglyph inhengo yekunyora iyo inoshandiswa nevamwe vanhu. Inogona kureva kana inzwi rimwechete, syllable kana tsamba, kana izwi rose. Dzimwe nguva hieroglyphs inogona kutitaurira mutongo wose kana imwe mutsara. Izwi racho pachayo rine maGirisi yekare. Zita iri rakapiwa zviratidzo zvinyorwa zvemaodzanyemba nemasayendisiti Clement weAlexandria, uyo aive achiita zvokunyatsoongorora magwaro akadaro uye akawana pfungwa yakazara yeiyo hieroglyphs iri. Tsanangudzo yaakagamuchira yakanyorwa nemashoko maviri: "Hieros", iyo muchiGiriki inoreva kuti "tsvene", uye "glypho", iyo, nenzira iyo, inoshandurwa se "kutemwa". Akataura nezvekukosha kwemashoko aya, naizvozvo akavadana kuti "kopi yechiratidzo".

Ndekupi kwandingagona kuwana hieroglyphs

Iye zvino, kuitira kuti anzwisise kuti hieroglyphs chii, zvakakwana kutarisa kunyora kwevanhu vekuFar East. Zvisinei, mumazuva ekare, vashomanana vanhu vanobva kunyika yekare vakadzidza tsika dzevanhu ivavo uye mitauro yavo. Nemhaka yokuti izwi iri rainyanya kushandiswa maererano nehuwandu hwekare - kunyorwa kwekare kweEgypt. Zvinyorwa mumutauro uyu zvakagadziriswa munguva yeAntiko neApakati Ages, uye kunyange iye zvino vazhinji vavo vanoramba vasina chakavanzika kune vanyori venhau dzakaitika. Mazuva ano hieroglyphs tinosangana mumutauro weChinese nematavi awo ose (Korean and Tangut), uyewo muchiJapan kunyora kwemarudzi ose nemitauro.

Hieratics uye zvayo

Vakuru vekare vekuIjipiti vaitoka pamwe chete nekuzvarwa kweNyika yekutanga yeFarao. Izvowo mutauro wevaIjipita vekare mune zvinyorwa zvayo zvine chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemitauro yevaSimitic, asi nenzira imwecheteyo yakafanana neCushitic uye Berber-Libyan matavi emutauro. Panguva yekuvapo kweAkare yeEgypt, mairairo chete aishandiswa pakunyora. Pakupedzisira vakagurwa kunze kwematombo, pamadziro edzimba neimba. Gare gare, mapuroyuta akashandiswa kunyora mitemo, mamwe magwaro uye tsamba dzakanyora. Zvinofadza kuti vakuru vakanyorwa, zviri nyore kuti tinyatsoziva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti nhoroondo dzakare kare dzevaIjipita dzakasikwa nekuda kwezvifananidzo zviduku zvakanyatsoratidza zvinhu kana zviito. Gare gare, mamwe maitiro akaoma akaoma akatanga kushandiswa, vose veEurope neAsia masayendisiti vaizvinyora. Mutsva mukuru munharaunda iyi ndiye muFrench Shapmolon. Asi chaizvoizvo, mupiro mukuru pakujekesa tsamba yekare yeEgipita yakaitwa naPersia Ibn Vahshiyya al-Nabati, uyo akashandura muchiArabic mazana emashiripiti uye magwaro enyika.

Japanese script

Mutauro wemazuva ano weNyika yeZuva Rinosimudza yakavakwa mune zvinyorwa pamitauro yemunharaunda, iyo yakanga isati yambova nechirongwa chechirairo, uye chikamu pane zvinyorwa zveChinese. Nokuti maJeroglyphs echiJapan uye zvaanoreva zvinowanzotarisana neshoko rechiChinese, asi pane dzimwe nguva zvakaoma chaizvo kuwana zvakafanana. Nokudaro, mutauro wechiJapane wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: kanji - idzi ndidzo dzinonzi hieroglyphs dzakasvika pano dzichibva kuChina, hiragana uye katakana - zvinyorwa zvekare zvechiJapan.

Kanji

Chiratidzo cheChinese chinoshandiswa kureva mamwe mazita, nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvezvipikisheni, nekunyora mazita avo. Zvinoreva uye chimiro chekuverenga unhu hwaKanji kunobva pane zvaakaenda kuJapan. Semitemo, inoramba ichienderana nenzvimbo yayo mumutsetse, kubva mumugariro. Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakanyorwa, kune marudzi anopfuura gumi ekuverenga. Verenga, uyewo, unogona kushandisa imwe yemasikirwo maviri. Imwe inonzi "onyemi," uye chirevo chayo ndechokuti hieroglyph inoverengwa muChina. Chechipiri inonzi somi - kududzira maererano nemitemo yekutaura kukuru kwechiJapane.

Hiragana

Pakupedzisira maJeroglyphs echiJapan nemafungiro avo anotapurirwa achishandisa nhamba yeHiragana. Vowel sounds inowanikwa mairi, kunze kwekuti rimwe chete-"h". Izvi zviratidzo zvakanyorwa zvinoshandiswa kushandura mazita uye zvipikisheni, zvakakweretwa kubva kanji. Nekubatsirwa kwe hiragana, prefixes, zvigunwe, kuguma kunofanirwa. Kazhinji kacho, hieroglyphs kubva mumutauro uyu anonzwika muhurukuro yekutaurirana uye inowanikwa mumutauro weJapane. Uyewo hiragana isuponeso kune avo vasingazivi kanji. Kune dzakawanda zvinyananiso zvinogona kutsanangura zvinoreva morphemes zvisingazivikanwi kune vamwe vanhu, vakweretwa kubva mumutauro weChinese.

Katakana

Ichi chirevo chechiJapane rechipiri chemafabheti chinoshandiswawo sevhangeri rekubatsira. Zvisinei, hazvibatanidzi ne kanji, kusiyana ne hiragana. Kana iwe usingazivi kuti hieroglyph zvinorevei, yakakweretwa muchiJapane kubva kune dzimwe mimwe mitauro yeAsia (kunze kweChinese), unogona kushandisa imwe yezviratidzo zvine chokuita netsamba ye katakana nokuda kwekuita kwayo semantic. Uyewo cherechedza kuti zviratidzo zvakanyorwa zvinyorwa izvi zvinoshandiswa chete sezvinyorwa, uye zvisinganyanyozivikanwi muhurukuro yehurukuro kupfuura hiragana.

Chokwadi chinofadza

Kune munhu wose weEurope, pfungwa yeiyo hieroglyphs, iyo yakaverengwa sei uye kuti inzwisise sei, inyaya yakaoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, mumwe Charles C. Bliss akaedza kuumba imwe hieroglyphic system yekunyora uye kutaura kunyika yose, kuitira kuti vanhu, vanoti, kubva kuFrance vaigona kukurukurirana pachena nevanogara muChina. Zvisinei, kuedza kwake kwakakundikana. Asi muJapan kune rumwe rudzi rwemutauro unonzi Romaji. Iko kukorodzwa kwemashoko nekubatsirwa kweLatin alphabet, iyo inotipa pakarepo mukana wekuverenga hieroglyph uye nekuzvitaura zvakarurama.