Zita remadzinza evaIndia: vaMaya, vaAztec, vaIncas, vaIroquois, vaMohicans, vaApaches. MaIndia America

Nharaunda yeAmerica, yakawanikwa naColumbus, yakazara kwazvo uye, sechigumisiro, ine zita rakasiyana nemadzinza evaIndia vanogara munyika yakazaruka. Kune vazhinji vavo, kunyange zvazvo vaEuropean vaifamba vachishandisa izwi rimwe chete kune vagari vemuAmerica - maIndia.

Kutadza kweColumbus nemigumisiro

Nokufamba kwenguva, kukanganisa kwakajeka: chokwadi chokuti vanhu vomunharaunda ndivo vaAborigines veAmerica. Pamberi pekutanga kweEuropean colonization yezana remakore rechi15, vagari venyika vakasvika pamatanho akasiyana evanhu vemunharaunda-madzinza. Mamwe emadzinza aya aitungamirirwa nemadzibaba avo, asi vamwe vaitungamirirwa nehurumende.

Nhamba yekufambira mberi yakanyanya kunyanya kune nzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze. Munguva yekutongwa kweAmerica nenyika dzeEurope, zita rega roga remadzinza eIndia rakashandiswa kune boka rese re madzinza akasiyana-siyana. Pasi apa tichakurukurirana muchidimbu zvimwe zvacho.

Specializing and Life of Indians of America

Zvakakosha kuti maIndia eAmerica akaita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveceramic. Iyi tsika yakaberekwa nguva refu vasati vasangana nevaEurope. Mubhuku rebhuku raishandiswa teknolojia yakawanda.

Yakashandiswa nzira dzakadai sokuumbwa pamusana uye maumbirwo, kuumba foshoro, kuenzanisira kwedanda revhu uye kunyange kutema mifananidzo. Chimwe chikamu chemaIndia chakanga chiri kugadzirwa kwemasikisi, zvimiriro zvevhu uye zvinhu zvekunamata.

Zita remadzinza evaIndia zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, nokuti vakataura mitauro yakasiyana uye vainge vasina kunyora mutauro. Kune zvakawanda zveAmerican nationalities. Ngatitarisei kune vakakurumbira kune avo.

Zita remadzinza evaIndia uye basa ravo munhoroondo yeAmerica

Tichakurukura mamiriyoni emarudzi anozivikanwa zvikuru eIndia: Hurons, Iroquois, Apaches, Mohicans, Incas, Mayans uye Aztecs. Vamwe vavo vaiva nehutano hwakaderera, asi vamwe vakafadzwa nevevanhu vakakurumbira, iyo iyo haina kukwanisa kutsanangurwa chete neshoko rokuti "dzinza" rine ruzivo rwakakura uye zvivakwa.

Vanhu vomunharaunda yeAmerica vakaderera zvakanyanya munguva yekukomberedza kwematunhu evanhu vekuEurope, kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye kusununguka, uyewo zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nevatongi, uye kusava nekuchengeteka pakati pevaIndia. Zvose izvi zvakaderedza nhamba yavo. VaIndia vakasara vakanga vachigadziriswa kubva kunzvimbo dzekugara pane imwe nzvimbo.

Huron

Huron rudzi rumwe rwemadzinza mazhinji kwazvo maAmerica vokuAmerica. Vasati vapinda muEurope, simba rayo raiva anenge 40 000.

Chikamu chikuru cheOntario chaimbova kugara kweHurons. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti munguva yeruvengo rune ropa uye kwenguva refu neveIroquois rudzi, Huroni dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri akasiyana. Chikamu chiduku cheboka rorudzi rwacho chakaedza kugara muQuebec (nhasi maCanada). Rimwe boka rakawanda rakagara muOhio (USA), asi munguva pfupi yakamanikidzwa kuenda kuKansas.

Huron ndiyo yaiva rudzi rwekutanga kupinda muukama hwevatengesi nevaEurope. Nokuti nhasi muCanada uye United States vanogara maIndia anenge 4 000.

The Iroquois

Iroquois, sezvazvakazoitika, maIndia anonyanyisa. Iroquois rudzi nderimwe remadzinza ane simba uye ane simba pamberi pezvizvarwa zveAmerica. Ukama hwavo hwakaumbwa pamusoro pemwana, uye kwaivawo nekupesana mumhuri.

Iroquois aiva negwaro raive "rakanyorwa pasi" nehombodo. Nenzira, nekuda kwekugona kwavo mitauro, ivo vaitengesa mabhizimusi vanobata zvose pamwe nemadzinza akavakidzana uye nevaEurope. Mukati yezana remakore rechigumi nemakumi matatu, rudzi rwaive neukama hwakanaka nemaDutch.

Iroquois yakagadzira uye yakashandisa masikisi akasiyana-siyana ane chinhu chakasiyana-chinhu chemhino. Maererano nenhema dzavo, masikisi akachengetedza vanhu nemhuri dzavo kubva kuzvirwere. MaIndia aigara muimba yeOvaciri-refu, umo makanga mhuri yose yaivepo, kusanganisira mukuru.

Vanhu vorwizi

IMohicans maIndia kubva kuEast Algontic rudzi. Zita remadzinza rinoreva "vanhu vomurwizi".

Imwe yekutanga yekugara ndiyo Hudson River Valley uye yakapoteredza (Albury, New York). Kuonana kwekutanga neEurope kwakaitika muna 1609. IMohicans yaiva musangano, uye panguva yekutanga yekubatana yaive yakakamurwa kuva madzinza mashanu: maMohicans, Vikagyok, Vaihaytok, Mekhkentown uye Westenhoek.

Vagari vanobatanidzwa mukurima, kushamba uye kubata hove, pamwe nekuunganidza. Zvinonakidza kuti vaiva nehurumende yehurumende. Kumusoro waiva mutungamiri uyo aive nhaka yake.

Nokudaro, vazhinji vakatamira kuMassachusetts Stockbridge. Vamwe veMoccans vakashandurwa kuva chiKristu, asi vazhinji vavo vakachengeta tsika dzavo. Pakazoitika, vazhinji vevanhu vanogara vedzinza vakatamira kunzvimbo yeWisconsin.

Apache maIndia

Rudzi rwune zvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvine tsika yakafanana uye mutauro.

Vose vane zita rakafanana kune madzinza evaIndia anonzi Apaches. Vane simba vorudzi urwu vakasiyana nevamwe kuburikidza nehupfumi hwavo uye kupona mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Apache maIndia avo vakashandisa urongwa hwehondo uye vakaronga hondo. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, varwi vakaramba vachienda kumakwikwi ehondo uye vakadzivirira nzvimbo dzavo, vasingadi tsitsi vachiparadza vose vaifamba nenzira yavo.

Kutanga kwekutanga kweEurope kwakaitika muna 1500. Vakanga vari vaSpanish colonizers. Migumisiro yehondo yakakonzera Apaches kurasikirwa nezvisungo zvekare zvakasimbiswa nemarudzi akavakidzani.

Pakutanga, maIndia akatungamirira mararamiro ezvemumhanyi nemasina-mahedheni, achifamba kwose kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero United States. Basa ravo guru raiva kusvuta mhuka, kuunganidza. Zvokudya zvakanga zviri nyore nyore, zvaiwanzoita majeki, mushroom uye chibage.

Kuti tive nehupenyu, taishandisa tome dzakagadzirwa nesimbi uye utsi hunoputika. Inovakwa nerubatsiro rwematavi, ganda uye uswa. Nhasi nhamba yavo inenge zviuru makumi matatu. Apache anogara munharaunda yeArizona, Oklahoma uye New Mexico.

Munyika yeAmerica, kune zvitatu chete zvakagadzirwa nevanhu vemuAfrica: Incas, vaAztec uye vaMaya. Zvinosuruvarisa, ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pavo rwakarasika, uye chete kuvonga masayendisiti-archeologist akakwanisa kudzidza pamusoro pezvizvarwa zvekare.

Ancient civilizations

Aztecs neMayan ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemadzinza akawanda emaIndia. Vanhu veMaya ndivo rudzi rwakabudirira zvikuru rwakanga ruri pakati muAmerica. Vane mukurumbira pamaguta avo, akavezwa zvakavezwa kubva padombo, pamwe chete nemabasa anoshamisa eunyanzvi. Maya akavaka maguta akawanda munzvimbo iri kure.

Zvinoshamisika kuti hwaro hwaive hwakaoma hwemipiramidi, uye kukwirira kwavo kwakanga kusiri pasi pemapiramidi eEgypt. Vaive nekunyorwa kwekuverenga uye vakashandisa pfungwa ye zero mumathematics. VaMaya vakanga vakanyanyisa nyanzvi dzenyeredzi, uye vakagadzira karenda yakakurumbira, iyo yakapedza kalendari yayo muna 2012. Vanhu ava vekare vakanyangarika kwenguva refu Columbus asati asvika.

VaAztec ndivo vanhu vazhinji veMexico. Pakutanga vakanga vari rudzi rwekuvhima ruchivhima, asi mushure menguva refu maAztec aigara pedyo neLake Texcoco. Gare gare vaidzidzira zvekurima uye vakavaka maguta, Tenochtitlan yakanga iri iyo huru. Zvinonakidza kuti vanhu vekare vaiva nenzvimbo yakaoma yakaoma yekurima.

VaAztec vaichengetedza tsika dzavo dzekare vasati vatorwa neSpain. Nhamba yavo yaive inenge zviuru makumi matanhatu. Basa guru raiva kusvuta uye kubata hove. Mukuwedzera, dzinza racho rakakamurwa kuva mhuri dzinoverengeka nevatungamiriri. Kubva kumaguta makuru, mutero wakabatwa.

VaAztec vakasiyana mune zvekuti vaitora zvakanyanya kugadzikana kutungamirirwa kwepamusoro uye maitiro ehurumende. Pachigaro chepamusoro pakanga pamire mambo nevapristi, uye kune vakaderera-varanda. VaAztec vakashandisawo chirango chekufa uye zvibayiro zvevanhu.

Iyo yakagadzirwa zvikuru Inca

Rudzi rwakanyanya kunetseka rwevaIncas rwaiva rwechikuru chekare chekare. Dzinza racho raigara munzvimbo yakakwirira ye4,5 mami mamita mumakomo eChile neColombia. XI по XVI века нашей эры. Iyi yekare yekare yakavapo kubva kuma1100 kusvika kumazana gumi nematanhatu emakore edu.

Icho chaisanganisira nzvimbo yose yehurumende yeBolivia, Peru neEcuador. Uyewo zvikamu zvemazuva ano eArgentina, Colombia neChile, pasinei nokuti muna 1533 umambo hwainge hwakatorera nzvimbo dzakawanda dzaro. Kusvikira 1572, mhuri yakakwanisa kurwisana nekurwisa kwevakunda, avo vaifarira zvikuru nyika idzva.

Inca yeInca yakatungamirirwa nepurazi yekurima nekurima. Icho chakanga chiri chevanhu vakakurumbira zvikuru vakashandisa kushandiswa kwemvura uye vakagadzira irrigation system.

Nhasi, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanofarira mubvunzo wekuti nei uye kuti rudzi rwakadaro rwakabudirira rwakanyangarika sei.

"Nhaka" kubva kumarudzi emaIndia eAmerica

Pasina mubvunzo, zvakajeka kuti maIndia eAmerica akaita rutivi rukuru mukusimudzirwa kwenyika. VaEurope vakakwereta kurima nekurimwa kwezviyo uye sunflower, pamwe nemimwe miriwo: mbatatisi, tomate, pepper. Mukuwedzera, mbeu, cocoa uye fodya zvakatangwa. Zvose izvi zvatakawana kubva kuIndia.

Yaiva tsika idzi dzakabatsira munguva yavo kuderedza nzara muEurasia. Chigadziko gare gare chakava fodhi inokosha yezvipfuwo. Zvokudya zvizhinji patafura yedu isu tinokwereta kuvaIndia neColumbus, avo vakatanga "zvido" zveEurope panguva iyoyo.