Sechivako DNA une ... makemikari anoumba DNA

Vanhu vakawanda vagara nei zvimwe zviratidzo riwanikwe vabereki kupa mwana (somuenzaniso, ziso ruvara, bvudzi, chiso chimiro, uye vamwe). Science rave vakaratidza kuti kuchinjwa unhu kunobva nemagene zvinhu, kana DNA.

Chii chinonzi DNA?

Pari pasi deoxyribonucleic asidhi kunzwisisa zvakaoma remubatanidzwa kuti ndiye nokupfuuridzirwa nhaka unhu. Morekuru ichi inowanikwa musero rose romuviri wedu. It chiite chikuru zviri muviri wedu (nokuti kukura unhu unoenderana imwe mapuroteni).

Chii chinombodiwa panofanira? Sechivako DNA une kunzwisisa yeimwe - nucleotides. By misa chinorehwa nucleotide kana Mini remubatanidzwa ane waro maumbirwo ari nitrogenous nechigadziko, vakasara vane phosphoric asidhi uye shuga (iyi - deoxyribose).

DNA ndiyo miviri nezano Morekuru, sezvamakaropafadzwa nechimwe mumatunhu chokuita vamwe kuburikidza senitrogen nezvigadziko nheyo complementarity.

Uyezve, unogona kuva vakafunga kuti DNA kunosanganisira majini - dzakananga nucleotide sequences anokonzera mapuroteni usage. Ndezvipi makemikari ehupfumi ari maumbirwo deoxyribonucleic asidhi iri?

nucleotide

Sezvambotaurwa, zvinokosha STRUCTURAL chairema deoxyribonucleic asidhi chinhu nucleotide. Uyu munhu kunzwisisa isangano. Zvinoumba zvinotevera DNA nucleotide.

Pakati iri shanu-zvinoriumba nucleotide shuga (deoxyribose mu DNA iri Kusiyana RNA, rine ribose). To zviri akabatana nitrogenous nechigadziko, izvo zvoga 5 Marudzi: adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil uye cytosine. Uyezve, mumwe nucleotide rinoumbwa uye vakasara phosphoric acid.

Sechivako DNA une chete nucleotides avo kuti vane akaratidza STRUCTURAL chikwata.

nucleotides Vose kurongwa nenzira cheni uye vanotevera mumwe. Muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano pamusoro vatatu (nucleotides matatu), ivo vanoumba kutevedzana umo mumwe triplet chaienzanirana imwe amino acid. Zvinoguma nengetani.

Ivo pamwe chete kuburikidza kwokubatana kwakaita senitrogen zvigadziko. The inokosha ukama pakati nucleotides zvakafanana matunhu - rehydrogen.

Nucleotide sequences ndivo hwaro majini. Kukanganisa mu mamiriro kwavo, zvichitungamirira kukundikana kwetunhu mapuroteni nokuratidzwa kunotouraya. Sechivako DNA ine chete majini kuti kuona chinenge vanhu vose uye kusiyanisa nevamwe zvinenge.

nadzurudzo ane nucleotide

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rimwe yakatsiga zvikuru kuchinjwa unhu dikidiki nitrogenous chawo rinoshandiswa. The makemikari anoumba DNA unogadzurudzirwa nokuda kuda ane methyl boka (CH3). nadzurudzo kwakadaro (imwe nucleotide) anobvumira kuti pakudzikamisa Gene mashoko uye kuchinjwa maitiro mwanasikana masero.

Izvi "kuvandudzika" ari samolecular mamiriro asingadi kukanganisa kushamwaridzana nitrogenous zvigadziko.

nadzurudzo iyi rinoshandiswa X-chromosome inactivation. Somugumisiro, akaumba Barr muviri.

Kana yakawedzera carcinogenesis DNA kuongorora kunoratidza kuti hochekoche nucleotides akanga pasi methylation pamusoro substrates zhinji. In observational ongororo, yakanga akacherechedza kuti anokonzera mutation kazhinji chinhu methylated cytosine. Yemanyorero panguva bundu demethylation kwacho kunogona kusimudzira chemabhazi muitiro, asi nokuda kwayo kunzwisisa, ichi kuita haisi kuitwa.

DNA mamiriro

Mune nemamiriro Morekuru marudzi maviri zvivako. The mhando wokutanga - a Linear kutevedzana pamusoro nucleotides kuumbwa. kuvaka wavo pasi dzimwe mitemo. Pakunyora panguva nucleotide morekuru reDNA kunotanga 5'-Terminus uye 3'-Terminus rinoguma. The Dunhu wechipiri iri zvinopesana, inovakwa saizvozvo, chete mamorekuru spatially pakatarisana mumwe, sezvamakaropafadzwa 5'-Terminus neketani rimwe riri pakatarisana 3'-kuguma wechipiri.

akamonyoroka - DNA yechipiri marongerwo. Anokonzerwa kuvapo rehydrogen zvisungo siyana pakati anopikisana nucleotides. Hydrogen chisungo aumbwa (chete thymine, guanine uye musiyano zvinogona Somuenzaniso, pakatarisana wokutanga beach adenine - uracil kana cytosine) pakati nopindirana nitrogenous zvigadziko. Kururama kwakadaro nokuti kuti kuvakwa redunhu rechipiri kunoitika pahwaro rokutanga, saka pakati nitrogenous nezvigadziko ipapo chaiyo machisa.

The kwetunhu Morekuru

sei morekuru reDNA aumba?

In ichitanga ayo inotungamirwa vari matanho matatu:

• Disconnection matunhu.
• Accession synthesizing zviumbu kune mumwe ngetani.
• Ekisitenjeni dunhu wechipiri maererano nheyo complementarity.

At padariro kupatsanurwa mamorekuru iri hunodzorwa makemikari - DNA gyrase. makemikari aya rinotarisa kuparadzwa rehydrogen zvisungo pakati pangetani.

Pashure siyana ngetani anouya dzinokosha synthesizing enzayemu - DNA polymerase. nemazvo Its ari kuchengetwa pamusoro nzvimbo 5 '. Zvadaro, enzayemu zvinofamba kurutivi 3'-mugumo, panguva imwe chete achabatanidza runodiwa nucleotides akakodzera nitrogenous zvigadziko. Mushure kusvika zvakafanorongwa siyana (terminator) panguva 3 'mugumo, polymerase cheni iri akochonorwa kubva kupi.

Kamwe kuumbwa chikamu redunhu pakati pezvigadziko vanoumba rehydrogen zvisungo, uye inoti rekuUnited DNA Morekuru.

Kupi ndinogona kuwana Morekuru ichi?

Kana yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora maumbirwo masero uye munyama, kunogona kuonekwa kuti DNA dzinowanzotsigi- kuwanikwa muchitokisi musimboti. The tsanga ndiye anokonzera nokuumbwa subsidiaries itsva, masero kana dzavo miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana. Saka majini mashoko kupa mairi, yakakamurwa pakati rekuUnited masero noruvara (vanowanika miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana) kana zvishomanana (kakawanda kuonekwa kutanga yakadaro munguva meiosis). The kukundwa musimboti zvabuda vari kutyora nokuumbwa zvinyama itsva, iyo inosvitsa kunotouraya.

Mukuwedzera, rinokosha mhando enhaka zvinhu huri mitochondria. Ivo DNA siyanei kuti musimboti (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic asidhi ane chimiro annular uye anoita mamwe mabasa akawanda).

Morekuru pachayo anogona kure chero muchitokisi muviri (nokuti kudzidza anowanzodanwa kushandiswa swab kubva mukati padama kana ropa). No zvinhu majini chete epithelium exfoliates uye vamwe masero eropa (erythrocytes).

mabasa

The Zvinoumba morekuru reDNA kunotema chokupika ayo date yedzimudzangara mashandiro nezvizvarwa. Izvi nokuda kwetunhu zvimwe mapuroteni kuti tipedzisire kuratidzwa imwe genotype (zvemukati) kana phenotypic (kwokunze - semuenzaniso, ruvara meso kana bvudzi) chinhu.

Kupfuudzwa kwemashoko rinoitwa kubudikidza Implementation yokugara remitemo kwayo. Pahwaro humboo encrypted mu majini code, pane kutanga mashoko chaiwo, ribosomal uye chinja RNA. Mumwe nomumwe wavo basa chairo kuita - mutumwa RNA inoshandiswa synthesize mapuroteni munyaya ribosomal mapuroteni mamorekuru ungano, uye anoumba munhu runoenzanirana senga mapurotini.

Chero kukundikana kwavo kushanda kana mamiriro shanduko inotungamirira nokuvhiringidzirwa mashandiro anoitwa, uye chitarisiko atypical zvinhu (kunotouraya).

DNA ubaba bvunzo kuona pamberi chokuita zviratidzo pakati pavanhu.

nemagene miedzo

Chii zvino zvinogona kushandiswa pakudzidza majini zvinhu?

DNA kuongorora inoshandiswa kusarudza zvinhu zvakawanda kana kuchinja muviri.

Kekutanga kuona pamberi vachiberekwa, nhaka zvirwere. zvirwere zvakadai zvinosanganisira chirwere cheDown syndrome, autism, Marfan syndrome.

Kuti usarudze ukama DNA zvinogonawo kudzidzwa. Ubaba bvunzo vagara kwakapararira zhinji, kunyanya pamutemo, muitiro. Kudzidza uku nachiremba Pakusarudza majini ukama pakati pavana mubvandiripo. Kazhinji ichi bvunzo vamhan'ari zvakaitika nhaka chiitiko matambudziko nezviremera.