Bel Canto - nzira yokutora vana virtuoso nokuimba. Vocal kudzidziswa. dhanzi kuimba

Long mutsetse zvenziyo zvirevo, melodic ndima uye nyasha, inzwi chinoshamisa uye akakwana nhaka nokunaka virtuoso nokuimba. Panguva kwezana XVI-XVII emakore ikoko kuimba chikoro, akapa nyika kuita Vocal unyanzvi kuItaly, apo farira kuti inonakidza kuona mashoko vokuItaly akapa zita Zerubhabheri Canto (Bel Canto) - ". Yakanaka kuimba" Regai vanowedzeredza, zvichiratidza kutanga iyi, ichatonga zvine mbiri chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo vocals uye pokutangira pakuzadzisa neOpera Genre.

Nezvekwakabva dhanzi muFlorence

Akazviratidza munguva inotsanangurwa pakutanga operas chikwereti pakuzvarwa kwavo kusvikira nhengo boka duku mafeni ounyanzvi yekare, dzakaumbwa Florence ndokupinda zvokuridza nhoroondo sezvo "Florentine Camerata." Fans vekare Greek dambudziko hope ndiponesezve yaimbova kukudzwa Genre uye pfungwa kuti vatambi havasi blab, uye anoimba mashoko uchishandisa rugwaro-recitative, kunonakidza nemitinhimira chokuchinja.

mabasa ekutanga akanyorwa nyaya rekare rechiGiriki ngano Orpheus, aiva riwedzere kuberekwa itsva chiridzwa Genre - dhanzi. Asi anoshanda ayo chikamu Solo Vocal zvikamu (CARCHI) kumanikidzwa vaimbi kuti zvakakomba kugadzirisa nokudzidziswa inzwi, yaiva mhosva yokurira mifananidzo yakanaka - Zerubhabheri Canto. Izvi zvinoreva kukwanisa vaurayiwe Matangiro Aungaita melodic zvimedu pamusoro refu mweya apo kuramba kumeso iridzwe munhu chiridzwa mutsara.

Neapolitan chikoro

Pakupera ari XVII remakore akaumba Neapolitan dhanzi tsika kuti pakupedzisira vakagamuchira pachikuva nounyanzvi Zerubhabheri Canto. Zvakanga zviri kuwedzera chirongwa Florentines, uye ayo shanduko. In Naples, ari kutamba chikuru chezvinonhuwira simbi mumhanzi uye vachiimba, uye kwete nhetembo, zvaakapiwa chaizvo kuti nguva ino. utsanzi ichi relished vateereri uye akaita dutu nokushingairira.

Neapolitan Vanyori zvayakaita tinoshandurirwa neOpera. Havana kusiyiwa kushandiswa recitatives, izvo rakakamurwa mhando dzakasiyana: achiperekedzwa (pamwe kwaya) uye akaoma, ine mashoko yaipiwa panzvimbo Zvokukurukurirana pasi zvisingawanzoitiki harpsichord chords or the kuchengeta zvokuridza matauriro. Kurovedza Vocal, rwakazokura madikanwa nokuda vanopara, vakawedzera popularity Solo nhamba, chimiro izvo uyewo ndavhiyiwa kuchinja. Paiva chairwo aria, umo vatambi manzwiro kazhinji, pachinhu ezvinhu uye kwete nokuda chifananidzo kana hunhu. Savanochema, buffoonery, pachake, vaneshungu aria rokutsiviwa - mukati menyika Neapolitan dhanzi akazadzwa mhenyu kugutsikana.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Mutsindo Munyori uye Zvokutopenga Scarlatti akaburuka munhau sezvo muvambi wechikoro dhanzi pakati Naples. Akasika anopfuura 60 mabasa. Genre chakakomba dhanzi (dhanzi seria), vakasikwa Scarlatti, achibatsirwa rengano kana nhoroondo nyaya nezvoupenyu nomukurumbira kutaurwa. Opera nokuimba rakavafukidza nezviitiko kuita mutsetse uye recitatives vakanga yakatsiviwa Aryans.

A-siyana vocals mune chakakomba dhanzi rakatsaurirwa zvinodiwa kuti aifanira kuita operatic izwi. Artists vakakwana unyanzvi vachiimba, kunyange dzimwe nguva izvi zvakaita kuti kusetsa zvinhu - mumwe wavo aida munyori zvirokwazvo vaisanganisira dhanzi CARCHI, kunobatsira kusimbisa zvakanakira izwi. Zvakaguma kutaridza chokuita mumwe Solos, nokuti chii akazozivikanwa dhanzi seria "konzati mu inoita".

Beauty uye umhizha

Chimwe mupiro chikoro Neapolitan pakati dhanzi kukura Zerubhabheri Canto kwaiva kushandiswa mune zvishongo vocals (coloratura) zvishongo zvekuimba palette. Coloratura FREIRE akashandiswa kuguma uye akabatsira Artists kuratidza vateereri rwakadini uridzi izwi. Big akasvetuka, trills, ndima neeSultan, kushandiswa kutevedzana (Kudzokorora zvenziyo zvirevo kana melodic dzoro akasiyana evoruzhinji kana inzwi) - nokudaro vachiwedzera emashoko palette akashandiswa virtuosos pamusoro Bel Canto. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti ukuru ugone muimbi kazhinji dzinoongororwa nokuda kwavo nokuomerwa executable coloratura.

Italian marimba tsika nemagariro anoisa kumusoro wandei. Manzwi Vaimbi vakakurumbira kusiyaniswa nokunaka uye kupfuma kuti matauriro. Kurovedza Vocal anobatsira kuvandudza chokupika unyanzvi, kuti vawane kumeso uye kutsetsenura kuti varurame neeSultan zvose.

Wokutanga Conservatory

Kudiwa Zerubhabheri Canto kwakatungamirira paumbwe masangano okutanga rokudzidzisa umo vagadzirira vaimbi. Nherera - Conservatory - akava wokutanga mumhanzi zvikoro Ages Italy. Bel Canto chidobi vakadzidziswa kwavari pahwaro titevedzere, uchidzokorora mudzidzisi. Izvi inotsanangura yakakwirira pamwero vaimbi nguva. Pashure pezvose, vakanga vadzidziswa kuzivikanwa vatenzi akadai Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) uye Francesco Mugabe Zimbabwe (1602-1676).

Vadzidzi vakanga anoumbwa anokosha muviri kutanga inzwi, nzeve kudzidzisa, izvo kwaifanira kudzokororwa, avandudze kuimba unyanzvi uye kukura kufema - unyanzvi izvo saka zvakakodzera kuti Zerubhabheri Canto. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti, uchitanga kudzidzisa mumakore 7-8 makore 17 Conservatory masvingo kubva vatambi nyanzvi kuti dhanzi rwakazara.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

Ake chitarisiko Italian Zerubhabheri Canto dhanzi vakatsunga muitiro okukura zvenziyo netsika inotevera matatu emakore. Nhangaruvazhe ayo kukura raiva basa Italian munyori George. Rossini. Mutinhimira simba, uchenjeri uye agility vocals vakakumbira kubva vakapfuma timbral siyana vemifananidzo, virtuosity nokuimba chikoro asina. Kunyange raspevnosti FREIRE uye recitatives nemabasa Rossini akabvunza zvizere kuzvipira.

Melodizm Rossini rwakagadzirira nzira dzenhoroondo Zerubhabheri Canto, inozivikanwa kukwana zvirevo munyoro uye akachena mhepo vakasununguka inoyerera mutinhimira kumeso (cantilena) uye sensuously akakwidziridzwa shungu. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti munyori aiziva pamusoro unyanzvi vachiimba akazvionera. In pauduku, iye vaiimba mukwaya yechechi, uye vakura, kunze kunyora, nechido yakadzokorora Vocal pedagogy uye kunyange akanyora mabhuku anoverengeka panyaya yacho.

pedagogy

Italian dhanzi nokuimba, iyo yakava chiratidzo reEurope marimba tsika XVII-XIX emakore, vakasvika anoonga basa matarenda vadzidzisi-innovators, yaidzidza kuimba uye vaedza nenzwi romunhu, vachiuya kurira pakukwana. Zvinorondedzerwa basa ravo nzira dzichiri kushandiswa pakunyora vaimbi.

Pfungwa Vadzidzisi vakapukunyuka hapana kunyengedzazve. Vadzidzi vakadzidza zvakavanzika kuimba mweya vakasununguka uye nyore. Kurovedza Vocal vaifungidzira usinganyanyi inzwi vhoriyamu, pfupi melodic zvirevo uye yakamanikana zvikamu, zvichiita kuti kushandisa kutaura kufema, dzinoratidzwa nokukurumidza uye zvakadzama Kufuridzira kunoteverwa zvishoma nedzinovengwa. Kurovedza zvakagadzirirwa kushandisa yunifomu inzwi dzokubudisa panguva mukuru uye yakaderera evoruzhinji. Kunyange kurovedza girazi pamberi akabatanidza zvezvaidzidziswa ruzivo Artists - kunyanyisa chiso chavo uye kusununguka uso okuti akatengesa nepfari basa Vocal midziyo. Rakanga yakarumbidza kuchengeta vakasununguka, mirai muti twasu, kushandisa kunyemwerera kurira kuzadzisa zvakajeka uye pedyo.

New kuimba unyanzvi

Complex Vocal, mutambo uye inoshandiswa pakutsigira zvesimba vakanga kufanorongwa pamberi vaimbi matambudziko. Music kunoratidza nyika vatambi yomukati, uye inzwi vakava chinokosha zvinonakisa yevedza mufananidzo. Izvi kwakaratidzwa pachena operas rwaJohani. John uye Rossini. Verdi, ane basa chakaratidza kubuda Zerubhabheri Canto manyorerwo. Classical School anonzi kushandiswa kunogamuchirika kuti falsetto kuti dzakakwirira manotsi. Zvisinei, mutambo anoramba ane nzira yakadaro - panzvimbo umhare pachimiro munhurume falsetto akapinda aesthetic dissonance pamwe mupfungwa coloring chiito. First vakayambuka chikumbaridzo inzwi iri wokuFrance Lui Dyupre, uyo akatanga kushandisa tsika inzwi kugadzira, achitanga vasiri (aienda pamusoro dokeriro) uye phonetic (mutauro mu "s-zvakaumbwa" nzvimbo) zvigadziriswe kuchengetedzwa kwemararamiro Vocal midziyo, uye zvadaro yave kunzi "yakazonyorwa". Zvinonzi akabvumira kuumba rokumusoro chikamu anzwike siyana pasina Kuenda falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Kudzokorora operatic Vocal unyanzvi, hazviiti kuti circumvent kurutivi nechipi uye zvinhu nhaka huru Italian wenziyo George. Verdi. Iye kushandurwa uye kudzorwa dhanzi, akatanga nyaya kusiyanisa nekupikisa. The wokutanga Vanyori akatora chikamu achishingaira elaboration pebindu, chikuva magadzirirwo uye zvesimba. In operas ake akatonga chinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvokupikisa, hasha manzwiro uye kusiyana, vanobatana umhare uye zvisingakoshi. Yakadaro kusvika zvokutaurira zvinodiwa itsva vocalists.

Munyori tichitsoropodza coloratura akati kuti trills, nyasha manotsi uye gruppetto asingagoni kuve hwaro rwiyo. Murugwaro anenge asina chinoshamisira Kushongedzwa kuramba chete soprano, uye gare gare anyangarika chose kubva dhanzi hwakawanda. Men bato iri panhongonya akapfuura uppercase kushandisa kare anorondedzerwa kare "chakafukidzwa kuraira." Artists baritone mapato vaifanira kurongazve basa Vocal midziyo mukuru tessitura (dzemakomo nzvimbo mazwi hama kuti vachiimba range), zvinosiyana kuratidzwa mupfungwa mamiriro evanhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti chidzoke itsva rokuti - "Verdi baritone". . Okugadzira zvinhu Verdi, 26 operas dzakanaka mumidziyo yemitambo La Scala, akaratidza kuberekwazve Zerubhabheri Canto - uri vakwana nhaka izwi.

nyika rwokuparidza

Easy uye kwezvokufuka Vocal manyorerwo hazvigoni kuchengetwa mumiganhu chete mamiriro. Under kwayo mudano kwakadzorwa dzakawanda Europe. Beautiful kuimba Ugare nyika chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo dariro uye kukanganiswa kukura mimhanzi European mutsika. Kuvakwa operatic nhungamiro, inonzi "belkantovoe". Style akasunda miganhu chikumbiro chacho uye akapinda nziyo.

Virtuoso mutinhimira Chopin (1810-1849) synthesized Polish zvavo nhetembo uye Italian dhanzi Zerubhabheri Canto. Uchinakidzwa uye munyoro heroine operas J. MACH (1842-1912) akazadza belkantovym wemashiripiti. Impact ainyatsotsanangura zvikuru kuti simba rake mumhanzi zvechokwadi kunoshamisa, kubvira classicism kusvikira romanticism.

remubatanidzwa tsika

The muvambi Classics Russian rashanduka munyori mukuru M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). kunyora ake orchestral - sublimely lyrical uye panguva imwecheteyo akakura - akazara nziyo, izvo aongorora uye netsika chevarwere nziyo, uye belkantovaya Sophistication kuItaly CARCHI. Dzavo yokusafa Cantilena akanga akafanana melodiousness vanoswerera nziyo Russian - chokwadi uye upenyu. The predominance mimhanzi pamusoro wenyaya, vnutrislogovye dzokudetemba (nokuimba accentuation pamusoro yoga mabhii), inzwi anodzokorora, nokusika kunonoka vorega - zvose izvi mabasa M. I. Glinki (uye vamwe vanyori Russian) ndezvokuti vanyatsobatanidzwa vakabatana pamwe netsika Italian dhanzi. Fado, maererano vatsoropodzi, aifanira "Russian Zerubhabheri Canto" title.

The repertoire nyeredzi

Brilliant Italian Zerubhabheri Canto iyoyo yakaguma muna 20-ies ose XX remakore. Muchiuto uye echimurenga nenyonganyonga wokutanga kota remakore mayambuka normative musimboti rwokudanana dhanzi mafungiro, zvakanzi yakatsiviwa neoclassicism uye vakaparadzana ne nzvimbo impressionism, modernism, futurism, uye vamwe. Achiri operatic izwi yakakurumbira havana kurega kushandisa kuti ounyanzvi weboka rokuItari dzenhoroondo kuimba. Art "nokuimba yakanaka" sowakajeka vaiva A. V. Nezhdanova uye F. I. Shalyapin. tenzi risingaenzaniswi yokurira mirayiridzo yakanga L. Sobinov, iyo inonzi pashure Zerubhabheri Canto kuRussia. Great Maria Callas (US) uye award ari "inzwi remakore" title nevamwe Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), mumwe lyric sezvinoreva Luciano Pavarotti (Italy) uye risingaenzaniswi bass Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - unyanzvi kwavo kwaibva unyanzvi uye aesthetic hwaro vokuItaly Zerubhabheri Canto.

mhedziso

New nezvemaitiro mumhanzi havana kukwanisa zvokudzikatidza chipenye belkantovoy ainakidza Italian dhanzi. Young vatambi titsvake nematomhu akachengetedzwa zvakanyorwa vatenzi kare makore ruzivo pakufema zvakakodzera, sokunhonga, chivezwa nezvimwe nezvehukorokodzwa mavhoti. Ichi hachisi chinhu simbe hanya. Dzatakaitirwa vateereri amuka havafaniri kunzwa ano kududzirwa chaiwo mabasa uye vanoshamba kuva chinokosha pfupi nzvimbo yakakwana art muchiimba. Zvichida ndipo kuedza kududzira chakavanzika Zerubhabheri Canto of Chiitiko - sei munguva kurambidza hadzi nemanzwi zvaunofarira kwevarume mukuru remazita aizozvarwa kuimba nhungamiro, akapona emakore uye kukava yakarongeka hurongwa, nokuisa chokudzidzisa vaimbi kwounyanzvi hwaro emakore akawanda,.