Art French: mukuru unhu, nhoroondo

History of unyanzvi French rinofukidza guru yenhoroondo kubva Antiquity kusvikira nguva yedu.

France - nyika inoshamisa, ndiro runozivisa chakavanzika uye Sophistication, glamour uye Sophistication, kukwirira uye anokosha nehavi zvose yakanaka. Uye nhoroondo paumbwe ayo akasiyana, razova chinhu chiero zvaimbenge uye rakasiyana uri hapana zvishoma zvinoshamisa kupfuura mamiriro pachayo.

MARARAMIRO Anoumba vechiFrank umambo

Kuti tinzwisise zviri kubuda uye kukura uri French, zvinokosha kuti digression kupinda munhoroondo yakawanda yekare nguva, apo mundima ano French mamiriro akanga chikamu Hutsvene hweRoma. The IV remakore vakatanga kushingaira kufamba madzinza fuza of Rhine kusvika kumiganhu Empire. Kurwisa kwavo uye nguva nenguva incursions munyika nevaRoma vakanga pachena husingatongozoparadzwi, vasanyanya zvakasimba mamiriro dzechiLatin. Uye muna 395, Umambo hweRoma pachayo yakakamurwa pakati pavanakomana magetsi Emperor muzvikamu zviviri: Theodosius akarayira vakapfuma nechokumabvazuva nharaunda yayo mwanakomana wedangwe Arkady uye kumadokero akapa mwanakomana muduku - Honorius. Weboka hweRoma kudivi vakashaisa kare kusimba wehurumende yeRoma uye akariita nyore nechitarisiko vavengi.

Muganhu France ano aiva chikamu aimbova dzokumadokero chikamu choUmambo hweRoma. Kurova simba mugore 410 mauto akuvadzwa Rome vaVisigoth, uyo vakananga Allar. Yokupedzisira mambo weRoma simba pakusava vakavanda Ravenna, kusiya nokusingaperi Rome. Zvaiva imomo kuti wakakwidzwa nehondo uye Odoacer - mumwe vaitungamirira vehondo Visigoth rudzi. Hazvina kubva chiitiko ichi kuti kwakaitika muna 476, uye batanidza wokupedzisira kuwa hweRoma. On akapora nyika nokutambudzika Kutama Great akatanga kuonekwa ufuza ezvinhu. Muzana V remakore ari mativi Gaul yakabuda uye hurumende mafranc.

VechiFrank mamiriro uye kukura Ndimi French

VaFrank - boka amarudzi kare, vakagara pamahombekombe Rhine zvayo yakaderera inosvika, uye nemhenderekedzo kweGungwa reBaltic. Muvambi wokutanga vechiFrank umambo muEurope aiva mutungamiriri duku vaFrank Hlodvig Meroving, uyo akakunda hondo gavhuna weRoma muGaul panguva Hondo Soissons uye kuibata omurume kundima. The ndima itsva iye kugarazve neshamwari dzake - mafranc, achivapa mapindu, vakabata dzakatevedzana hurumende zvinhu pachena yaitonga uye nezvakatongwa-pamutemo bhora, mune enacting yakasiyana gwaro - "Salic mutemo", pahwaro Generic hurongwa dzinza wevaSalian Franks. Uyezve, pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna kusarudza Clovis kutenda. Kuitwa Christianity kwete chete kusimbisa itsva mamiriro, asi nemarererwo paumbwe vechiFrank unyanzvi.

Mushure merovingian hwedzinza vakava simbe kudzora zvoupenyu muumambo akazova uye zvakakomba zvakawanda. Ziva rakundwa nyika youmambo. Zvaibudirira madiro mu basa wokuronga kwavo kwamachinda uye vanhuwo zvavo. Kuwedzera impoverishment vemo. Muzana kuenda apa VIII remakore uye kwokunze kutyisidzira kubva anongofamba ndudzi dzechiArabhu. Power mumaoko avo vakatora mumwe Mamaneja wekupedzisira merovingian mambo Karl Martell. Iye akabata anoverengeka zvinhu, izvo zvakabatsira kusimbisa ehurumende uye kukunda navaArabhu. Zvino mwanakomana Karla Martella, Pippin Short akasarudzwa kuti bhodhi idzva mambo kwamachinda mafranc. sarudzo iyi hwakasimbiswa napapa. mwanakomana wokutanga vechiFrank yamambo A Pippin ari Short Carl, shure iyo zita remadunhurirwa Guru munhau. Kuti Charles vechiFrank Empire chikwereti rinokosha padanho maruva mutsika uye uri, unonzi Carolingian Renaissance.

Unyanzvi "yepakutanga" Franks

Kana tikanzwisisa peculiarities zvakasikwa uye kugadzwa vechiFrank mamiriro, zvinova pachena, uye njodzi nhaka netsika, riri rekare nguva vechiFrank ndima. Izvi zvakanga vainyanya kukura mararamiro ekare: mabhiriji, dzinogarwa uye temberi mapurani, chivezwa, mabhuku, mafirimu, uye unyanzvi uye ounyanzvi. Zvisinei, vafundisi vechiKristu havana kufunga zvakafanira kuchengetedza tsika fuma izvi, asi kushandisa kuti chikamu hwaivo zvinogona dzakashandisa kunamata rechitendero uye munhu muupenyu mumugwagwa. Saka, kunamata mumachechi echiKristu yakaitwa chiLatin, mutauro iwoyo, uye mabhuku echitendero zvakanyorwa.

Shandisa mapurani anowana yekare aifanira kutanga kuvaka machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi, kushandisa ruzivo nyeredzi kwakabatsira karenda chechi kuverenga musi, izvo zviri Ages wakarondedzera upenyu hwose. VaFrank zvakare kujairana nezvavanoda uye yedzidzo mukupera hweRoma. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kunzwisisa nyaya, akadzidza ari vechiFrank muzvikoro, rinonzi "The Zvinomwe Liberal Arts". About chii unyanzvi mune mubvunzo? In vanonzi trivium Kunoumbwa sayenzi kweshoko: girama, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe uye dialectic. The quadrivium raisanganisira sayenzi nhamba: svomhu, geometry, mumhanzi, navarongo zvikamu sezvo kadambari uye zvenyeredzi.

In unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira netsika rwakakunda ufuza basa, iyo inozivikanwa nokushandisa sezvo huru vavariro zvinomera nemhuka zvishongo uye mifananidzo zvikara kana zvisikwa kuti havapo chokwadi, uye kazhinji pane inotyisa chitarisiko. Izvi mhando ounyanzvi uye akashevedza Terratological kana monstrous.

Art uye Culture of Carolingian kumutsidzirwa

Paitonga Karla Velikogo zviri ichazivikanwa noku kumboitika kuwedzera tsika. Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi ndechokuti unhu mambo - a vakadzidza uye zvikuru cultured murume. Akataura pachena uye verenga muchiLatin, aiziva chiGiriki, kwazvo dzidziso uye uzivi. Mumwe nedzimwe mapurani hurongwa iyi nguva yakanga zvinoshamisa wayo kushongedzwa yamambo pakereke Aachen.

Uye akakurukura unyanzvi pakuita zvinyorwa; vakanga akanyorwa anenge calligraphic manyorero uye yakashongedzwa miniatures akanaka. Pakati mabhuku vose zvinyorwa zvechitendero uye zvaakanyora - nguva-inobva date panopindwa zvakaitika muna vechiFrank Empire.

The Empire akazarura zvikoro nezvezvandaifanira zvepuraimari uye vapfumi kurovedzwa. Musiki rokutanga aiva mutsigiri Karla Alkuin. Zvino vepamusoro chikoro, yakavhurwa Aachen, inobatanidza masayendisiti, mhuri Kesari uye yose dare Karla Velikogo. The chikoro rinonzi "Academy of Court", vaiva mukukurukurirana kwouzivi akadzidza Bhaibheri uye tsika kare, guessing nezvirahwe uye nhetembo. Uye mumwe nhengo Academy akanyora yokutanga rokunyika Biography "The Life Karla Velikogo".

Yakanga iri nguva iri Carolingian Renaissance nheyo kuchengetedzwa uye kumutsidzirwa netsika tsika yekare uye hwaro hwokurevererwa pakuzadzisa tsika mafranc.

Paumbwe French rudzi

Panguva yaitonga zvizvarwa Karla Velikogo hwacho yaakasika vachiwedzera simba. Apo umambo yakakamurwa pakati pavanakomana vake Charles, Divi rokumadokero akaenda mwanakomana mukuru Lothar. Zvizvarwa ake akaramba kwakaderera ari ichiparara wehurumende. Empire vakawa. Wokupedzisira Carolingian pakupedzisira akarasika simba uye vakanga akabviswa. Akapa kodzero yokuziva bhodhi apo simba Count kweParis Gugo Kapetu. Ndicho nechokumabvazuva yaimbova vechiFrank Empire pakuzivikanwa se France. Nemhaka itsva pakusava utongi Capetian kwete chete azopora, asi kuwana mikana mitsva kukura kwavo, kusanganisira tsika.

Folk art Ages France

In yemitambo, mumhanzi uye Ages nguva vakaona anoverengeka kuchinja tichienzanisa yekare. chechi yechiKristu vaiona vatambi uye pakuuraya vadhiyabhorosi yakadzingana zvakasimba hwokudhirowa Fraternity. Somugumisiro, munhandare sezvo vakawanda chakajairika akarega kuvapo, dzemitambo uye nhandare nezvivakwa vakapedzisira kuva mamiriro nyonganyonga, uye vatambi akatanga kuumba tarira troupe uye vairidza vanhu pamharadzano dzenzira, nokururamisira uye dzakaenzana. Mobile boka-chinja mutambi - gistrionov vaiva zvishoma yakakunakira chipfuro kuti chitambudzo nezviremera uye nechechi, yake pasi uye zvinangwa zvavo panguva imwe chete chokuita chikabviswa zvisikwa mirayiridzo gistrionov uye troubadours - vanofambira musicians. A boka inokosha Vagant - vaimbova vadzidzi kana mamongi muridzi uye prosody zvinokosha Musical uri kuti Vaidzungaira migwagwa uye woga mumabasa ake kana vakaimba pamusoro zvenyama rudo, kana vakashora chechi uye akaora mamiriro kuora.

mabhora matatu Ages unyanzvi

9/10 vokuparidzira Ages France vaiva vanhuwo zvavo. Nokuti chikuru tsika wehurumende inogona sokuva murimi mudiki. Vazhinji zuva akapedza Ages murimi mudiki inoshanda munyika yacho feudal ishe. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti haana kuva kudiwa uye nguva yokuti Nhaurirano netsika uye nounyanzvi. Vazhinji vavo vakanga muchiimba uye kutamba basa, makwikwi mune simba uye agility. A kanoda unyanzvi pakubata kubatikana maonero gistrionov maonero. Dzakabudirira uye ngano. Wisdom vanhu kunooneka ngano: Ngano, nziyo, zvirevo uye mashoko. Mukuru wenyaya yaiva nyadzi nyaya dzakapusa mupfumi murombo, asi murombo mhando kuti kwakaitika, sezvinoita ushe, kubva mhuri murimi mudiki. Tales vaiva ostrosotsialnymi: akazarura uipi munzanga nokure ukama pakati kwamachinda uye varombo, uyewo achataura pamusoro rinorema mugove vanhuwo zvavo. Created uye ngano, ballads mbiri pezvaiitwa magamba National akakurwirai kukudzwa uye chiremera nevakariri murume uye pamusoro feudal vanodzvinyirirwa.

Kurutivi Ages nemagariro uye nounyanzvi wechipiri upenyu guta, kukura uye ndakajeka iro yakaonekwa kubva IX remakore. The chidzoke mukirasi dzakadai, Bourgeois, aiva mavambo kukura Bourgeois tsika. Nokukurumidza vakakwana unyanzvi nyanzvi dzokugadzira. We yokugadziridza nenheyo basa ravo uye unhu ikabereka zvibereko, mazhinji Pari vane kukoshesa sezvo ounyanzvi ose decoration art. Hazvina kubva panguva ino vakauya hwedu hwezuva nezuva ishoko yakadai se "munhu rounyanzvi". Mumwe tenzi, kuuya chikwata Fraternity aifanira kuratidza unyanzvi hwavo uye kuti chigadzirwa vakakwana. Raiva basa rounyanzvi. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba kwegadziriro nekuita makwikwi madhipatimendi kuti pakutanga aiva ikurudziro kukura handicrafts. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, muchitoro vakatanga kupindira rwokugadzira kuva, sezvo vakwikwidzi asingadi kuponeswa kwazvo unyanzvi navavezi, uye dzimwe nguva vasingadi zvakavanzika mukugadzira ane chigadzirwa kana muitiro zvinhu akawira mumaoko vakwikwidzi nokuti. Kazhinji nhengo chikwata nehama kunyange kuparadzwa kuvamba, uye dzimwe nguva kutambudzwa creators dzavo.

Third bato Ages tsika uye uri raiva kuvapo yoga munyika vakakwirira - feudal. Kazhinji, ose feudal rechiuto vakatakura pamberi pamambo, sezvo ake pachake vatongi vari pasi. Maduku madzishe vaiva vatongi vari pasi kubva madzishe avo - .. NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, earls, etc. Vachiita Equestrian rechiuto, vaiva kutanga Ages nzanga chivalry. netsika Knight wacho inozivikanwa uye ayo unyanzvi hunokosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira unyanzvi chivalry nguo maoko - bhuku nyora knightly mhuri kana imwe knight. Zviratidzo dzakagadzirwa zvinodhura nezvinhu - goridhe nesirivha, enamel uye mbava the marten kana mapurotini. jasi mumwe nomumwe maoko inokosha munhau tsime uye basa anokosha ounyanzvi.

Mukuwedzera, mukati yechinangwa chivalric tsika vakomana - ramangwana Knights - uye akadzidzisa Arts zvakadai sokuimba nokutamba, kuridza zviridzwa. Vakanga vaidzidziswa kubva pauduku kusvika tsika dzakanaka, taiziva yakawanda nhetembo, uye vazhinji Knights pachavo akanyora nhetembo, achipedzera zvavo akanaka mudzimai. Uye chokwadi, unofanira kurangarira rakasiyana Monument Ages mapurani - the knight wacho yemauto zvakavakwa munzvimbo Romanesque manyorerwo, uyewo zvinoshamisa netemberi vakanga yakavakwa namaguta ose France, kutanga muna Romanesque, uye gare gare - mune gothic manyorerwo. Temberi inozivikanwa kwazvo anonzi ari Cathedral of Notre Dame muParis uye Reims Cathedral - nzvimbo kugadzwa zviri French madzimambo.

French Art rinobuda

Renaissance, kusonganirana mutsva ose kufarira nemagariro nhaka yekare uye unyanzvi, akaberekwa muna jeka Italy ari XIV remakore. In France, Renaissance zviri kuitikawo mumatauriro mutsika uye ziso hwemashiripiti kusvikira pakuguma XV remakore. Asi iyi yakatora nguva refu muFrance kupfuura kuItaly, kwete kuti XVI, uye kuti XVII remakore. The kuwedzera mune tsika uye uri State French kwave chokuita pakupera kubatana munyika pasi Louis XI.

Disengagement kubva Gothic tsika iri uri France kwakaitika maererano kakawanda mishandirapamwe wamadzimambo Italy, apo vaisangana kunoshamisa Italian art ari Renaissance. Zvisinei, kusafanana Italy, unyanzvi iyi kuFrance akanga zvakawanda dare pane nyika.

With Panyaya rupi Ndimi French, yakajeka mumiriri mabhuku ake aiva nyanduri kunoshamisa Fransua Rable, kusika fungidzira, witty uye vachifara nhetembo.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro ziso unyanzvi iyi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti miniatures redzidziso uye mumabhuku enyika mudzidziso chaizvoizvo yokuda. The Artist rechiFrench art panguva yokutanga yakanga Zhan Fuke, akasiya kuvazukuru nhaka yakakura muchimiro Portraits ose vairemekedzwa uye royals, miniatures, nharaunda, diptych unoratidza Madonna.

Margarita Navarrskaya vakokwa France uye rokuItari vanatenzi of Renaissance: chile uye Primaticcio, uyo akazova havaoni kuti pachikoro Fontainebleau - peDare French art kupenda kuti yakabuda munzvimbo yavatezvara Fontainebleau. Izvi zviri kuitika kwaibva nenhungamiro Mannerism, ane vamiririri vakanga pakutanga havaoni chechikoro, uye akanga inozivikanwa nokushandisa rengano misoro uye zvakaoma mumadimikira. Vakapona manyuko, achidana mazita nezvimwe Artists ariita pamasikiro nhare Fontainebleau: vokuItaly Pellegrino uye Zhyust De Juste, French Simon Lerua, Claude Baduen Charles Doreen Fleming Tirey Leonard, et al for.

Muzana XVI remakore muFrance nokushingaira akakurukura Genre yomufananidzo, yevedza uye penzura. Kufarira mabasa kubudikidza Jean Clouet, kupendwa mufananidzo vakawanda roruvanze French.

The chivezwa ichi nguva muFrance chokuita nezita Michel Colombe, vatori kuita kusanganisira mifananidzo uye kududzirwa kwouzivi pakati tombstones. Uyewo kufarira basa Zhana Guzhona, akazadzwa chaiyo musicality uye enhetembo mufananidzo uye manyorerwo maitiro.

Counterweight kune rinobvumirana uye pakunaka kwayo uye runako ounyanzvi Goujon vakatanga basa mumwe muvezi uyu nguva - Germain Pilon. Ndivo akafanana ari kutaura kwavo uye hypertrophy manzwiro uye manzwiro zvitange expressionist mabasa XIX remakore. Vose vanotaurwa vanoodzwa sezvazviri, kunyange zviri nyore, zvinoshamisa uye kwakakwidibira.

Art French: remakore rechi17

Izana remakore rechi16 raiva nguva yehondo uye kuparadzwa kwehurumende yeFrance. Muchikamu chekutanga chezana remakore re XVII, simba reFrance rakasimbiswa. Kunyanya nokukurumidza kwakauya nzira yekuisa simba pasi peLouis XIII, apo munhu wose munyika yacho aive mutariri weKadhadina Richelieu. Vanhu vanogomera pasi pejoko revahedheni uye matambudziko ebasa rezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, mhedziso yeEstutist yakabatsira kwete kwete chete kusimbisa uye kuwedzera simba reFrance, asiwo kuti panguva iyi nyika yakava imwe yekutungamirira kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Izvi hazvina mubvunzo zvakakonzera kukurudzirwa uye maitiro makuru emitemo uye unyanzvi munyika.

Unyanzvi hweFrance hwemazana remakore rechi17 hunogona kunge hwakarongerwa sarudzo yepamutemo, iyo yakaratidzwa nekupembera uye kunongedza baroque style.

Kusiyana nekubwinya uye kuwedzeredza kwekunaka kweBaroque mune unyanzvi hweFrance, nzvimbo mbiri dzakabuda: kubudirira uye zvekare. Chokutanga chavo chaiva chikumbiro kuratidzwa kwehupenyu hwechokwadi sezvazvaive, pasina kuvekwedza. Mukati mehutano hwechiitiko ichi, mhuri yemhando uye mifananidzo, bhaibheri nemitauro yemitauro inogadzirwa.

Chikororike muhutano hweFrance chinoratidza zvikurukuru musoro webasa revanhu, kukunda kwevanhu pamusoro pemunhu mumwe nomumwe, zvinangwa zvekufunga. Ivo vakagadzwa sekushorwa nekusakwana kwehupenyu chaihwo, iyo yakakodzera iyo munhu inofanira kuedza, kupira kunyange zvido zvake. Zvose izvi zvinonyanya kuenderana neukama hwakanaka hweFrance. Nheyo yeunyanzvi hwekugadzirwa kwekare ndiyo tsika yekare yeunyanzvi. Uye izvi zvakawana kuratidzwa kukuru pane zvivakwa zvekare. Mukuwedzera, yakanga iri maumbirwo ayo ainyanya kuvhiringidzwa nezvinodiwa zvehurumende uye ainge asina kukwana zvachose ku absolutism.

Nguva yenguva ye XVII muFrance nyika inoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwenhamba yakawanda yeguta-kuumba zvivakwa zvigadzirwa uye zvivako zvemuzinda. Munguva iyi iyi zvivakwa zvenyika zvinouya mberi.

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pekuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvakataurwa pamusoro apa, tinofanira kutaura basa raNicolas Poussin - mumiririri anoshamisa wekanguva, uyo mufananidzo wakashandura zvose zvekuona kwenyika uye simba risina simba rehupenyu hwehudhi hwekare.

The Art of France: The 18th Century

Kana iri yeruzivo rweFrance yezana remakore rechigumi nemana, iyi ihurukuro yakasiyana yehurukuro yakareba. Nenguva pfupi, unyanzvi hweFrance yenguva iyi hwakanga huri kurwisana nezvinhu zvisingaiti muhupenyu hwehupenyu: absolutism yakatanga kuora, mahedheni akatungamirira nzira inoparadza yehupenyu, kuparadzanisa kune dzimwe nheyo dzenzanga. Kuvhiringidzika kwakasimuka mumasangano akakurumbira kwakaguma nekugadzirisa kwehupfumi, semugumisiro weyo republic yakagadzwa muFrance. Zvose izvi zvakaratidzwa mune unyanzvi hweFrance muzana remakore rechi18.

Kuwedzera kwechimiro chechimiro kwaisanganiswa nehukuru hwekuvamba kwekutanga kwevanhu, izvo, kutanga kwezvose, zvakaratidzwa zvakajeka mumimhanzi. Munharaunda yemitambo, basa guru raitamba nemakwikwi, chiitiko chekuratidzira chemasikisi, unyanzvi hwema opera hwakagadzirwa. Vadzidzi vashoma uye vashoma vakatendeukira kune zvidzidzo zvechitendero, unyanzvi hwenyika hwakawedzera nekushingaira. Mutauro weFrance wenguva iyi wakanga wakasiyana kwazvo uye wakazara nekusiyana. Unyanzvi hwezvechokwadi hwakasvikira pakuonekwa kwenyika yevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana: kune manzwiro ake uye zvakaitika, kune rimwe zuva rega rehupenyu, kusvika pakuongorora kwepfungwa.

Art yeFrance yezana remakore rechi19

Tinoenderera mberi. Ngatitaurei muchidimbu nezvehutano hweFrance hwezana remakore rechina. Hupenyu hwehutano hwenguva ino hunoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwekukura kwekusagutsikana kwevanhu uye kuratidzira mafungiro emashure ekudzorerwa kwehurumende yeFrance. Musoro wekumanikidzwa uye chigamba wakava umwe wevatungamiri vezvioni. Yakaratidzwa mune zvitsva zvekuveza - historicism uye romanticism. Asi neunyanzvi mune zvigadzirwa zvakanaka panguva ino pane kurwisana.

Kuongorora kwechivara chemuvara wekutema kunotungamirira kukurudzika kwekushandura kwenzvimbo yemhando uye kuchinyoreswa kwemagadziro ese eFrance kuvepi.

Munguva iyi, kupfekedza uye unyanzvi hunoshandiswa hunobudirira kukurudzirwa sezvinonyanya kuratidza zvinangwa zvevanhu. Inonyanya kufarirwa i lubok, kubvumira muitiro wakareruka pavanoshandisa mifananidzo yakajeka kuratidza maitiro nezvinetso zvevanhu.

Ichokwadi, iyo documentary mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva iyi is etching. Pa etchings zvinogoneka kudzidza nhoroondo yeFrance yezana remakore rechina reXIX.

Unyanzvi hweFrance, sezvatinoona, hwakawanda kwazvo uye hwakasiyana uye hwakabatana zvikuru nekuvandudzwa kwehurumende yeFrance. Nguva imwe neimwe ibhokisi guru rinoda kudururwa kwakakosha, izvo zvisingagoni kuitwa mukati megwaro reimwe nyaya.