Alkaloid - ndiko ... kupatsanura pakati alkaloids, mamirire

Kubvira kare, vanhu vakashandisa mishonga zvinhu marwadzo uye ndeyokubvisa zvirwere uye zvirwere. Zvisinei, kudzidza rokuti nziyo, iro yavaive iwayo yeimwe izvozvo chaizvoizvo akanga zvinogoneka chete ane yakafara uye hombe kukura wekemisitiri sechinhu sainzi, kureva kubva XVII remakore.

Yakanga iri pakadzika chirimwa zvipenyu, uye nhasi, uye mune dzimwe mhuka, vakaona senitrogen tubhokisi Organic yeimwe, iyo kupa kwakadaro yakafarikana kuchirapa kushanda. Sezvo 1819 guva zita boka iri zvinhu - alkaloids. Ndima V.Meysnerom, mishonga uye chiremba.

Chii chinonzi alkaloid?

Pari kugamuchirwa kuti alkaloid - a cyclic remubatanidzwa rine vanoumba rin'i kana divi cheni imwe kana dzakawanda senitrogen maatomu uye namakemikari hunhu kukura zvivako simba alkalis, akadai amoniya. Yambotaurwa tsanangudzo izvi zvinhu somunhu senitrogen chawo nomukaka zviri pyridine. Zvisinei, vakawanda yeimwe veboka iri yakazopiwa yakawanikwa, izvo akaratidza kuti dudziro kwakadaro hakusi kwechokwadi zvachose, uye asingauyi kufukidza yose-siyana alkaloids.

Kokutanga iyi yave akagamuchira uye munyaya 1803 nemasayendisiti Dersonom. Raiva morphine zvinobva chinodhaka. Zvadaro, pasina mumwe, masayendisiti akawanda vakaona dzinoverengeka kunzwisisa heterocyclic yeimwe kubva chirimwa zvokunyama. Saka ndaiva nepfungwa yokuti fuma iyi alkaloid- kunonyanya rwokuzvarwa mavambo. It anogadzirwa chete miti.

The makemikari anoumba mamorekuru

By zvavo nemakemikari hunhu, zvinhu izvi - a senitrogen tubhokisi Organic yeimwe ane senitrogen maatomu ari heterocycles kunzwisisa, interconnected ne marudzi akasiyana nezvisungo mukukurukurirana.

Kubva miti, vanomira kunze Zvinoumba munyu vamwe acids:

• malic;
• waini;
• oxalic;
• acetic uye nevamwe.

Kana wakachena fuma aparadzana munyu, zvinokwanisika kuti kugamuchira alkaloid sechipiriso crystalline upfu, uye zvinokwanisika kuumba mvura mamiriro (chikakananda). In ichi uye imwe nyaya - iri alkaline remubatanidzwa nedzokunze zvakakodzera namakemikari ehupfumi.

Kureva kemisitiri pamusoro alkaloids inozivikanwa uye kunzwisisa. Somuenzaniso, nzira rinorondedzerwa vanogona kure chirimwa zvinhu nawo. Vari inobva solubility kuti munyu pamusoro alkaloids nemvura, sezvo yakachena yeimwe vari dzinenge insoluble nemvura, asi zvakanaka kuzviita zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

A nhamba wanda izvo kuitika kushandisa voga uye kudzidza yeimwe dzakadaro dzinonzi alkaloid.

1. Precipitation. Zvaakazoita, inobva paumbwe imwe insoluble munyu alkaloid, iyo precipitates. Izvi zvingaitwa nokushandisa zvinotevera zvinoriumba: tannin, picric asidhi kana phosphotungstic molybdic acid.
2. Precipitation. Zvaakazoita, inobva paumbwe munyu zvakaoma pamwe alkaloid yeimwe. Reagents: mercuric chloride, potassium iodide kana bismuth.
3. Staining. Kana Maitiro aya alkaloid kuchinja mhando uye zvinova kuoneka mune zvinonyatsorehwa sezvamunoita. Pfungwa chiito - nezvainoita heterocycles nechitarisiko ruvara. Reagents: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, mhangura hydroxide, mhangura (II) -precipitated.

Kazhinji staining Maitiro musapa nemigumisiro yakarurama, sezvo chikamu heterocyclic alkaloids zvakafanana vaya puroteni mamorekuru. Saka vanopa zvimwechetezvo.

kupatsanura pakati alkaloids

Chii Mapoka vakakamurwa ose kuvazivisa yeimwe yeboka iri, anosarudza kuti mhando alkaloids, makemikari ayo mamiriro. kupatsanura ichi akasikwa academician AP Orekhov uye riri pa hwaro mhando uye nemamiriro heterocycle pamwe senitrogen maatomu mairi.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, uye nomukaka dzaro. boka Izvi zvingasanganisira alkaloids akadai platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin uye nevamwe. Panobva nemamiriro kunzwisisa shanu-membered heterocycles rakabatanidzwa mumwe, izvo mamiriro rinosanganisira senitrogen atomu.
2. Piperidine uye pyridine nomukaka ayo. Representatives anabasine, lobeline. Hwaro - matanhatu membered zvinogara dzakaoma pamwe senitrogen.
3. Quinolizidine aro yeimwe. boka iri zvinosanganisira: pahikarpin, termopsin uye nevamwe. Chemical hwaro kunzwisisa-membered nhanhatu heterocycles, interconnected uye senitrogen.
4. Quinoline - Quinine, echinopsine.
5. An boka anokosha alkaloids zvakajairika - isoquinoline yeimwe. Salsalin, morphine uye papaverine - zvinonzi nevakawanda inoshandiswa mukurapa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisirawo alkaloids mune miti barberry, Maçka uye celandine.
6. Mishonga chaizvo kunzwisisa pane mamiriro tropane nomukaka - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. The mamiriro raimiririra zvakaoma fused, zvakanyatsobatana pyrrolidine uye piperidine zvindori.
7. Indole aro yeimwe - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, uye vamwe. A kunzwisisa zvaainazvo five- uye matanhatu membered zvindori pamwe senitrogen maatomu marongerwo.
8. The huru alkaloid yaigadzira zvokudya uye mishonga - zvine caffeine kubva the mashizha uye mbeu mupudzi rokutambudzikira. Kwazvinoita purine nomukaka - dzakaoma yeimwe ose heterocycles siyana uye zvimwe senitrogen maatomu ari murwiyo.
9. Ephedrine aro yeimwe - sferofizin, colchicine uye kolhamin. The zita makemikari ose ephedrine, kufungisisa ayo kunzwisisa mamiriro fenilmetilaminopropanol - kunzwisisa Organic inonhuwirira doro.
10. Mumakore achangopfuura, izvozvo takasarudza govera dzimwe zvinhu alkaloids boka steroids - corticosteroids uye pabonde mahormone.

mumuviri ehupfumi

The chikuru unhu boka iri zvinosanganisira kukwanisa mudutu mvura siyana uye uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ezvinhu panguva pomureza ezvinhu.

At kamuri tembiricha zvatinosiita alkaloid - a crystalline hwakasimba. Ruvara uye kunhuwidza, somunhu mutemo, havana. On the mukanwa, zvikurukuru anovava, astringent, hachifadzi. Kuratidza Manyiminya basa iri mhinduro.

Vamwe izvi chete zvinhu mvura panguva mwero ezvinhu - iri anoxic alkaloids 200 marudzi. Somuenzaniso, chikakananda, pahikarpin, coniine.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro solubility mvura, unogona kuita izvozvo chete zvakakwana caffeine, ephedrine, ergometrine. Vamwe veboka iri yeimwe soluble bedzi Organic mvura (zvokufembedzwa).

Action pamusoro womunhu

Alkaloid - a venhumbi ine simba kubatsira munhu nemhuka. Chii matambudziko?

1. Vakasimudzira zvikuru iri tsinga, kumugumo masero etsinga, synapses, neurotransmitter pezvakaitwa. Mune date nzvimbo muviri akasiyana alkaloids vave sedatives, psychotropics, dzepanguva hunhu, antitussives, muviri, marwadzo, analgesics. Kana kushandiswa zvakanaka kwezvokurapa zvinangwa iri zvachose dosed uye zvakarurama, migumisiro izvi zvinobatsira. Zvisinei, ruduku ovhadhozi kunogona dzakakomba zvikuru uye inosuruvarisa.
2. The chiito kumwoyo - Anti arrhythmic, kunonatsiridza kuparadzirwa ropa, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Kana pahwaro alkaloid zvinodhaka anoshandiswa zvisina kunaka kana pasina zvaidiwa zvakafanira chipimo chemushonga, anogona kukonzera zvinotevera:

• vasanyatsoona uye kunzwa;
• kufema kukundikana, chipfuva tightness;
• dzungu, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa;
• ropa;
• muromo yakaoma;
• rakapinza kuwedzera kana kudzikisa BP;
• zvakakomba chepfu kufa.

A chinokosha chikamu alkaloids zvavo vasiri migumisiro ari munhu ane chepfu, simba, zvichikonzera nokugwinha uye rufu (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Chimwe chikamu - marwadzo yeimwe anokonzera muropa. Mupfungwa, mumanzwiro uye panyama (chikakananda, caffeine, kokeini). Saka, yeimwe izvi vanofanira kuzvibata nokungwarira akanyanyisa uye chete shandisa zano uye mushonga.

The kushandiswa mushonga

Munzvimbo iyi miti ine alkaloids - ndiyo hwaro akawanda yakafara-chakarondedzera zvinodhaka, kana, nekusiyana, zvikuru specialized. Pahwaro vakadaro mbishi zvinhu yakagadzirira suppositories, infusions, mapiritsi, mhinduro ampoule. The chiito nechinangwa pakurapa zvemwoyo, kufema, tsinga uye harinzwi kuti chirwere chepfungwa. Uyewo kuti pakurapa zvomudumbu ezvinhu akadai nhumbu, oncological zvirwere, kubvisa muropa nedoro uye nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.

Ine alkaloids zvakasikwa?

In vivo alkaloids zvine yemakwati uye zvirimwa. Nhasi inozivikanwa okolo10000 mazita aya zvinhu zvinenge zvose vari zvikaramba chaiyo wakadaro mbishi zvinhu.

In zvikamu notumwe, masero kwemabhakitiriya, algae, echinoderms alkaloids kuwanikwa. alkaloid yeimwe vakanga zvikaramba kubva hunhu zvimwe masero mhuka, asi ivo vari vashoma.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti chikuru nokutengesa, hariperi tsime izvi zvinhu kwezvokurapa zvinangwa, upenyu hwevanhu, kuti bhizimisi - ndivo miti ine alkaloids.

zvinodhaka miti

Ndezvipi miti izvi? Ndivo, Chokwadi, zvakawanda kutaura zvose. Zvisinei, unogona mazita rakajairika uye anowanzoshandiswa nevanhu.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - alkaloid platifillin uye senetsifillin - kunyaradza uye spasmolytic zvainoita muviri, akashandisa kusika tsamba medicaments.
2. Belladonna sylvestris kubva mhuri Solanaceae. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti mushonga chirimwa. Belladonna alkaloids - atropine uye belladonnin. Kugadzirira kwakavakirwa miriwo zvinhu inotokonya nechepakati tsinga, kukurudzira mupfungwa uye kurovedza muviri, kuwedzera kuita uye kutsungirira. Nhaka spasmolytic uye marwadzo kushanda. Pahwaro mushoma kuti chirimwa ichi chinosimbiswa somushonga madonhwe, neiya inoiswa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka uye makenduru.
3. Belem dema. Fully muchetura, nhengo dzaro dzose dziri ngozi. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine uye scopolamine. Kushandiswa pakurapa chetsinga zvirwere uye inofamba kurwara.
4. Celandine. Zvakajairika chaizvo munyika yedu nyika chirimwa. Zvisinei, rine alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin uye nevamwe. Very chepfu kana ikashandiswa zvisina kufanira.
5. Alkaloids mune miti papaveraceous kuverengwa maviri dhazeni. Izvi chinodhaka, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, uye dzimwe isoquinoline nomukaka. kushanda kwavo uye kukoshesa vaiona yoga.
6. Passionflower myasokrasnaya. Rine dzinoverengeka alkaloids, indole nomukaka. Ine simba kunyaradza kushanda.
7. Ergot. Zvikurukuru akasika tsika ino chisvetasimba chakuvhe kuti anoparadza zvirimwa rye, inoshandiswa kugadzira akasimba alkaloids. It ergotamine uye ergometrine, uye mumwe 18 marudzi. Inoshandiswa mukurapa (zvikurukuru Gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia unomonereka - midzi chirimwa ichi zvine alkaloids anopfuura 50, kushandiswa pakurapa zvemwoyo, kusanganisira neBP.

Herbs uye zvinomera - rinokosha chaizvo nzvimbo wemishonga ano. Mushure zvose, vazhinji zvigadzirwa synthesized hunobva dzinongoitika mbishi zvinhu. Vakanzi yaishandiswa kubva kare uye vasina vakarasikirwa kushanda kwavo vanhu nhasi. Mukupesana, pamusoro nguva, vanhu vane zvakawanda chaizvo pavakaziva uye kuongorora rokuti Zvinoumba miti yakadaro kuti awane chinhu chinokosha, chimwe chinhu chichabatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko chisingarapiki zvirwere zvakawanda.

The inonyanya alkaloid

Vaya kuonekwa rinobva kuna chinodhaka - codeine. Zvinokwanisika govera chaiyo nemakemikari ose morphine. Zvichienzaniswa yokupedzisira, zviri nani kushandisa, kana nyoro chiito. Zvisinei, kubudirira sezvo mushonga unonyaradza marwadzo, antitussive, kunyaradza zvinodhaka hakuna kuipa kupfuura morphine kana chinodhaka pacharo.

Naizvozvo, zvinodhaka codeine-kwakavakirwa nevakawanda zvikuru mukurapa uye anoshandiswa nevanhu kunyika dzose. The chete kukamurwa - zviri chipimo chemushonga. Zvinofanira kushandiswa chete pamusoro zano uye pasi zvokurapa achitarisirwa.

Chinodhaka chacho alkaloids

Opiates - sapamazuva mushonga uye kemisitiri akadana zvose chinodhaka alkaloids, izvo zvinogona mariri voga uye synthesized anoritsanangura. Chii papi? Zvinosuwisa vava Miromo kuti anenge munhu wose, uye hamuneni mukurumbira wakanaka uye makakodzera zvakarurama kushanda. Ava alkaloids, yakadai se:

• morphine;
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

In mushonga, izvi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa sezvo antitussives, analgesics, sedatives. Codeine-inobva kunyange akasika anoverengeka mishonga kuti chikosoro vana.

Zvisinei, yeimwe akadai chinodhaka uye heroin, anoshandiswa kwete chete pakurapa. zvinangwa, asiwo sechidhakwa kudhaka zvinodhaka. Vanovata vanotyisa kutsamira womunhu muviri uye pamusoro nguva kunogona kukuvadza utano, kunyange noupenyu hwevanhu.