Air Defense yeUkraine. Air Defence yeHondo Dzemauto eUkraine

Panguva yekuputsika kweSoviet Union, mauto eUkraine aive neuto rekudzivirirwa kwehondo (8th akasiyana) nemauto mana emhepo, kusanganisira air air air systems S-300, Su-27 uye MiG-29 mauto ehondo. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi yezvakaitika kare, zvizhinji zvezvombo zvakatengeswa, zvakaraswa, kana zviri mumamiriro asina kukwana. Achiona kukosha kwekuwanika kwehondo-yakagadzirira mauto akazvigadzirira, hurumende yakagamuchira zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvekusimbisa mauto, kunyanya mumunda wekuvandudza mhepo yekudzivirirwa kwemhepo.

Historical background

Pakazosvika 1992, mauto masere akaparadzana aiva nematanho makuru matanhatu:

• 1st Air Defense Division (DWPO), Crimea.
• 9 dvoevo, Poltava nzvimbo.
• 11th dvoevo, kumabvazuva kwenyika.
• I 19 th dvoevo yakafukidza Kiev.
• 21-я дПВО, Одесская обл.
• 28th Corps Air Air Defense, Western Ukraine.

Rainjiniyuta mabhinja aive muKharkov, Lviv, Sevastopol, Vasilkov naOdessa. Muna 1992, mauto ezvidziviriro zvemhepo aiva ne 132 air defense missile divisions, akabatanidzwa mune regiments gumi nemasere nemabhenji. Mishonga yacho yakagadzirwa uye yakaparadzirwa nenzira yakakwana yekuvhara zvivako zvakakura kune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichizvimirirana.

Current state

Makumi makumi maviri gare gare, kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo kweUkraine kunoramba iri simba rinotyisa, asi nekuda kwehuwandu hwezvombo zvisingachaperi, simba rekuzvidzivirira rinowedzera simba. Radar stations, dzakasara kubva panguva yeU.SR, dzichiri kubvumira kutarisa nzvimbo yekudenga. Zvisinei, kushayikwa kwezvikamu zvakasununguka uye kukakavara kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwakakanganisa kushanda kwezviitiko zvekutevera zvakasiyana. Kunyanya, radar muLagansk, Avdeevka yakanga yakanganisa, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvaizivikanwa, kutonga pamusoro pezvivako muCrimea zvakarasika.

Pakazosvika 2000, simba asi risina kushandiswa S-75 neC-125 missile maitiro ainge abviswa kubva munhare. Muna 2013 chaive chiitiko che "kuvhara" S-200 air defense system yekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana. Ikupedzisira yaiva kupatsanurwa kweS-200V SAM mu540th Lvov Regiment.

Kunyanya kunetseka ndiko kudzidziswa kwakakwana kwemaUkraine air defense defense. Havatungamiri kupfura kunobatsira mushure mechiitiko ichi neine ndege inofamba inofamba muna 2001. 10% chete yevashandi vane unyanzvi hwekupfura.

Matarisiro

Panguva ino, kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo kwenyika hakune nguva refu yekurwisa-ndege maitiro. Tichifunga izvi, hurumende yakaisa basa iri muna 2016 kutanga huwandu hwemazuva ano hwekudzivirirwa kwema ndege, kusanganisira anti-aircraft missile systems uye zviteshi zveparadhiso.

Chigumbuso chikuru ndechokushaikwa kwakanyanya kwemari. Kutenga zvombo zvemazuva ano zvinorwisa ndege kubva kune vekuMadokero zvichange zvakadhura. Mukuwedzera, nekuda kwezvinangwa zvezvematongerwe enyika, nyika dzekune imwe nyika dzisati dzisingakurumidzi kutengesa zvombo zvepamusoro zvakakwana kuuto rechiUkraine. Nzira yekubuda ingava yekuwana mari shoma asi yakatendeseka SAMs (kusanganisira mafaira) kubva kuRussia, asi kukakavadzana pakati pevakidzani hakubvumiri izvi.

Zvichibva kushayikwa kwemari, nyaya yekudzorera nekuvandudza masangano e-S-200 uye kuvadzosera kurwisa basa iri kuongororwa. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzehondo dzekusava nehanya dzinoreva pfungwa yeku "kusimuka" kwezvombo zvisina kupera.

Nzira dzekuchengetedza mhepo

Mhepo yekuchengetedza mhepo yeUkraine ine chisarudzo chakajeka chekutonga. Anti-aircraft missile masimba uye maredhiyo-technikisheni vane basa rekushanda kwemaitiro e-radar uye maitiro ezvidziviriro zvemhepo, ane basa rekuchengetedza nzvimbo yepasi. Izvo zvivako zviri pasi pe Air Air yeUkraine.

S-300PT missile systems (NATO segwaro SA-10a Grumble), S-300V1 (SA-12a Gladiator), S-300PS (SA-10b Grumble), Buk (SA- 11 Getfly). Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko ehupfumi, muna 2010 kwaive nenzvimbo 11 S-300PS uye 16 S-300PT mauniti. Izvozvo zvekupedzisira zvakabudisa zvinyorwa. Maererano nenyanzvi, hupfumi chete 8 "S-300PS" inokwanisa kutakura basa rehondo.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma anowedzera nehutano hwekurwisa-ndege maitiro ane zvombo zvekuparadzwa. Misipiresi yemhepo yekudzivirira kwemaS-300 maitiro e 5V55 mhando yakave yakagadzira zvidzidzo, asi munyika iyo michina yavo haina kusimbiswa.

Zvishandiso Zvishandiso

MuUkraine, kune zvivako zvinopfuura 200 zvinoenderana nechekuchengetedza mhepo, pamwe chete nemasangano makumi maviri nemaviri anobatsira. Pane makumi matatu nemazana makumi matanhatu nemazana makumi mana nemaviri (36) anoshingaira uye makumi mapfumbamwe makumi matanhatu (106) asingashandi.

Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Zvinoreva nyevero yokutanga: 36;
• Radar equipment 36D6: 20;
• Kuziva radar 64N6: 9;
• Kudzidzisa mapurogoni: 3.

Nhasi mazita eSAM:

• Nezvirongwa "C-125": 2 nzvimbo;
• "S-200": 5;
• "S-300PS": 12;
• "S-300PT": 16;
• "S-300V1": 1.

Zvisingaiti (kuchengetedza) nzvimbo dzeSAM:

• Nezvirongwa "C-75": 58 nzvimbo;
• "2K12": 1;
• "C-125": 16;
• "S-200": 11;
• "S-300P": 19.

Matangiro Okutanga Anonyevera

Mhepo yekudzivirira kwekuUkraine yakagadzirirwa kutanga nyevero. Inopiwa neveparadha dzakasiyana-siyana dziri munyika yose. Nzvimbo dzavo, sekutonga, dzine imwe kana mamwe marudzi emarangariro okutanga okunyevera, pamwe nekuonekwa kwepamusoro kwepamusoro uye maitiro ekuzivikanwa.

Pane makumi maviri nemasere anoshingaira okutanga kunyeverwa nemamwe mavhesi (8) (nzvimbo), iyo yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera ruwaya kana kuti redeploy funds kana izvi zvichizodiwa.

Zvisungo makumi maviri zveT Tin Shield uye 8 nzvimbo dzeBad Bird radar zvinopa chiziviso chekutsvaga uye kurwisana kwebasa basa rehurumende yenyika yezvidziviriro. Mapoka anopa ruzivo rwepasi uye yevhesi yezvigadziriswa. Radars 36D6 uye 64N6 dzinowanikwa kuitira kuti zvive nehuwandu hwekuvhara. Aya maitiro anokwanisa kudzora zvese nzvimbo yese yemhepo yeUkraine, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzeMakungwa Ase Black uye Azov.

SAM "S-200V"

Simba reMhepo Yekuchengetedzwa kweUkraine rinosanganisira zvirongwa zvakasiyana siyana. Complexes "S-200" ndiyo yakareba yakareba (kusvika pamakiromita 250) mukurwisa-ndege mauto eUkraine. Kusvikira munguva pfupi ichangopfuura, 5 kushandiswa mabhatiriyo "S-200" yakadzivirira kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekudenga kunenge nzvimbo yose yekumabvazuva yenyika pakati peKharkov neLugansk. Nzvimbo dzekupedzisira dzine gumi nemasere dzisingabatsiri dzeS-200 dzinosara, kunyange zvazvo dzinenge dzichishandiswa kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvemafoni, zvakadai seS-300PS. Hurumende inoronga kudzorera zvivako zvakasimudzirwa muna 2016-18, nekuda kwekushayikwa kweimwe nzira yakareba kwenguva refu.

Sangano reHurumende reZviviri rakaratidza kuti raishandisa makiromita 250 emakiromita eS-200V, asi kupinda mumhepo yeRussia pamusoro peGungwa Dzvuku kwechikanganiso chakatangwa S-200 missile munaOctober 2001 zvinogona kuratidza kuti s-200D yakaoma yakashanda, Makiromita mazana matatu emakiromita emaitiro.

SAM "S-300P"

Kunyange zvazvo maitiro e-S-200 ane rurefu refu, S-300P mhepo yezvidziviriro ndiyo inokwanisa uye yakawanda. Pane makumi maviri nemaviri e "S-300P" mabhetri ari kushanda: mabheteri makumi matatu ane ma "S-300PT", uye 12 - ane "S-300P" maitiro.

Iko kuiswa kunoshandiswa nenzira yekuchengetedza zvakakosha zvikuru zvematongerwe enyika, zvehondo neyemabhizimisi munzvimbo dzenyika. Dnepropetrovsk, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa inodzivirirwa neasati iri pasi pemabhatiriyoni matanhatu, Nikolaev (uye pekare Sevastopol) - kwete pasi pemabhatiri mashanu. Zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovhara muganhu wokumadokero.

Bhati yakakwana ye S-300PT SAM ine 12 launcher, apo bhati yakakwana ye-S-300PS ine zvitubu 8. Bhati rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa radar 5Н63 kana 5Н63С, uyewo radar yekugadzirisa zvishoma zvinokambaira 5Н66 kana 5Н66М. Zvose radhiar system, sekutonga, shandisa 40B6 series mast.

Iko guta guru, Kiev ndiyo nzvimbo chete inoramba yakachengetedzwa nehururo yakakwana ye mabhatiri eS-300P. Zvose zvitanhatu zvinosara zviri kushanda, 4 shandisa "S-300PT", uye maviri - "S-300PS". Masoja air air defense units anofukidzawo Kharkov (S-300PT), Odessa (S-300PS) uye Nikolaev (S-300PT) - aya mashizha anochengetedzwa neatatu mabhatiri ekushandisa. Dnepropetrovsk inodzivirirwa nemabhatiri mana ekushandisa "S-300PT".

Tactical SAM systems

Kune maitiro maviri emagetsi ezvidziviriro zvemhepo, izvo zvakanyorwa mumhepo yekuchengetedza mhepo yeUkraine. I APU inoshandiswa nehurongwa "Buk" 9K37 uye "S-300V1". Zvimwe zvezvirongwa izvi zviri pasi pemasimba ekuchengetedza mhepo, vamwe kune dzimwe hondo. Mobile complexes yakagadzirirwa kuvhara mazano emabhizimusi emabhizimisi, masangano evanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika, mapoka ehondo.

MO inotaura kuti masimba enyika anoshandisa "Book-M" sarudzo, uye mauto eUkraine airhandisa "Buk-M1". Sangano reZviviri rinotaurawo kuti hondo iri kushandisa kushandurwa kwe "S-300V1" (Gladiator), zvichiratidza kuti Ukraine haina sarudzo "S-300V2" (Gigant), inogona kupfura misoro yakawanda.

Coverage Area

Yurokraine ZRK network yakagara nhaka kubva kuU.SR. Nzvimbo dzokuchengetedza mhepo dzakarongeka nenzira yekuchengetedza vanhu vazhinji uye nzvimbo dzenharaunda. Inonyanya kufukidzwa ndiyo guta guru Kiev, guru rekugadzira makirasi ane centre muDnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Nikolaev uye Odessa. Mamwe mabhatiri akapararira munyika yose.

Maererano nevakuru vehurumende, nyika haisati yatyisidzirwa nehondo yeNATO, saka, mauto eUkraine akaderedza nhamba ye ndege uye maitiro eSAM. Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yekuchengetedza mhepo yakaderera zvikuru muhukuru kubva pakuwa kweU.S., Ukraine inoramba yakagadzirirwa kuzvidzivirira kubva kumhepo yekurwisa.

Mazano nemazano

Mobile inoreva se "S-300PS", "Beech" uye "S-300V1" inokwanisa kushanda chero kupi zvayo inoda - zvese chero kupi zvako munyika. Kusiyana kweRaarar 64H6 uye 36D6 kunopa maitiro ekurwisana nemapurisa ekutsigira kurwisana uye kuronga kusarudza, pasinei nokuti kwavanowanika, nekuda kwehutano hwakawanda hwehutano hwekutanga. Sezvo S-300PS inowanzowanikwa panzvimbo dzakagadzirirwa, ruzhinji rwemasimiti asina kushandiswa uye zvivako zvingave nzvimbo dzekutsvaga missile systems. MuUkraine, zvinopfuura zana zvisingaiti (zvigadziriswa) nzvimbo dzeSAM maitiro ekugadzirisa kwakasiyana-siyana.

Chimwe chinhu chakanaka ndechokuti zvisizvo zvisingashandisi. Kunyange zvazvo S-200 isingakodzeri kukanganisa kusinganzwisisiki, kuderera-kunobhururuka kana kuderera-kunobhururuka, zvinogona kudzivisa kukwidziridzwa kana imwe ndege huru yemasoja kubva kuswedera kuUkraine. Zvichida izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudzokidzwa kwavo kudzokera kumabasa mushure mekugadzirisa zvimwe. Nezvekuregererwa kweS-300PT SAM mifumo yema1970, mauto haana mapurogiramu chaiwo.

Kuwedzera kumwe kubudirira

Kwemakore 2016-2017, mazuva ano ekuchengetedzwa kwemhepo kweUkraine yakarongwa. Zvirongwa "S-200" uye "S-300PS" zvinoda kudzorerwa muna 2016-2020. Kunyange pasina kufunga nezvehupenyu hwebasa, mazuva akanaka kwazvo e "S-300PS" uye "S-200" akasara shure. Nokuda kwekuenderera mberi kwekugadzirisa nzira dzemaitiro eElectric (electronic-suppression suppression), SEAD / DEAD (kurwisana nemuvengi wezvidziviriro zvemhepo) nezvimwe zvinhu, idzi SAM maitiro haapinduri panguva.

Izvo basa rekuiswa kwekunyoresa sezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana / zvombo zvezvivakwa zvekare zvakagadzirwa, pamwe nekusikwa kwechigadzirwa chayo uchishandisa zvikamu zveUkraine enterprises uye kune dzimwe nyika.

Radar systems

Ukraine - imwe yevashambadzi vashomanana munyika yakabatanidzwa mukusimudzirwa uye kusunungurwa kwe radar muchivharo chakavharwa. Zvisinei, muhuwandu hwakawanda hwezvombo uye zvombo zveuto reUkraine rinomiririrwa nemhando dzisina kushandiswa. Pakupedzisira - yakakurudzirwa. Paki yeredhiyo-zvombo zvinoshandiswa ne radar ine nhamba yezvinyorwa zvinoshandura zvizvarwa zvakasiyana-siyana, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvigadziridzo zvishandiso zvekutungamira uye kushandiswa kwehudhi radar.

Maererano nehuwandu hweHurumende yezvokuchengetedza zveUkraine, pamwe nemari yakapiwa APU muna 2016, mari inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kumhepo yekudzivirira. Izvo zvakarongwa kutenga zviteshi makumi maviri nemasere zvemadhora uye kunongedza zvikamu zvitanhatu. Zvisinei, kukosha kwemauto akazvigadzirirwa muzvivako zvitsva uye zvemazuva ano zvakakura uye zvinokwana anenge mazana maviri masuniti. Kutaura zvazviri, kusvika panguva ino, mamiriro ekudzivirirwa kwemhepo, kunyanya kupikisana nemakwikwi emasvingo emasvingo uye zviteshi zveparadhiso zvemasvikiro eredhiyo, rinosiya tariro yezvakanakisisa. Uye izvi zvinopesana nechekupedzisira kwekuti muUkraine mune vadziri vanogona kupa zvipi zvavo zvemazuva ano zvekugadzirisa kuchengetedza kwemhepo yekugara.

Kusvikira zuva ranhasi, mauto akasiya radhi yakawanda P-18M, P-18MA (P-19MA). Ndakatenda NPO "Aerotechnika" uye HC "Ukrspetstekhnika" zvivako izvi hazvina kungoramba zviri mumutsara, asi zvakare zvakasvika munguva yemazuva ano. Mukuwedzera, pane itsva.

Malachite radar

Hondo itsva yeUkraine inoda chaizvo radar yemazuva ano, yakadai seMalachite. Iyi nzira inonzi mazuva ano eSoviet station P-18, asi nenzira dzakawanda yakasiyana chaizvo neyakafanotangira. Nyanzvi dzeHC "Ukrspetstekhnika" dzakagadzirisa zvikuru, uye nanhasi ichitsuwa chakakwana. MuMalachite, kugadziriswa kwemashoko ejigiti kwave kushandiswa, kusanganiswa nemazuva ano mashandisirwo ekudzivirira maitiro, ruzivo rwekudzivirira ruzha rwakashandiswa, nzvimbo yakatarisa yekuona yakave yakaderedzwa kusvika ku 2.5 km, kutarira kwe antenna kwawedzera maererano nechinzvimbo chakakwana mukati me15 / -15 degrees, nezvimwewo. Malachite Iyo yekuongorora yakareba kusvika ku 400 km, ndiko kuti, nzvimbo yacho inoona uye inofambisa zvinangwa zvinopfuura zviri nani uye zvinopfuura zvese radars ikozvino inoshanda muUkraine.

Izvo zvakaoma zvaive zvakakosha zvakaongororwa nehutungamiri hweUkraine Defence Ministry. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo yeRaadar yakanga isingagamuchirwi chete kubasa, asi yakaendeswa kune mauto. Maererano nehutungamiri hweKukrspetstekhnika, kubva munaMuvhuro 2015, anenge gumi nemaviri emitambo yeMalakhit yakaendeswa kumauto.

Zvimwe zviteshi zvinoshandiswa kune vakepe vekuUkrainian, avo vanogadzira hurongwa hwemamiriro ezvinhu ehumwe huri pasi, hwakasiyana neSoviet P-18. Kushanda mumamiriro egungwa kwakaratidza kuti nzvimbo yacho inobudirira kugadzirisa zvinetso pakutevera mafambiro emhepo mukati mehutsika dzavo, pamwe nezvinangwa zvepamusoro mumutsara wekuona. Iko ndiko, nzvimbo ine makiromita gumi nemaviri, iyo iri pasi pekucherechedza kwevatungamiri vehondo, inotungamirirwa zvakasununguka neRalakhit radar.

MR-1 radar

Iro radhi yepamusoro yemaser range, yakanzi "MR-1", yakasikwa nekambani NPK Iskra. Vagadziri vakashandisa zvese zvekutsvaga zvesayenzi zvinoshandiswa pakurongedza kukosha kwetsika dzehutori (hunoonekwa-zvishoma).

"MR-1" yakasikwa pamwe chete nebasa rekudzivirira uye nekushanda sechikamu cheAACS yeAsia yeDhipatimendi reMweya yeUkraine. Raadar inokwanisa kuona, kutevera uye kuenzanisa azimutiti, mararamiro, chinangwa chakakwirira, pasinei nemigumisiro yekupindira.

Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvezvivako zvekare zvakange zviri kudikanwa kwekuisa imwe yakasiyana ye turbogenerator yezvimwe zvikwata zvekutakura, izvo zvakapa simba kumagadziriro. Somugumisiro, radar yaive yakavakirwa pamotokari 3-4. Icho chitsva cheMG-1 chinoda imwe chete yekutakura unit. Zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinowanikwa pachitisi cheKrAZ motokari.

Mazuva rwisana mamiriro vaifanira nechokwadi chakakwirira mufambo veboka ravarwi. Mushure maminitsi 5-10 basa unofanira vatame kuti radar itsva yepamusoro. In "MG-1" opareta mabasa, pasina kusiya motokari mberi, anodzora mukushanda, nokucherechedza mhepo mamiriro ezvinhu kuratidza. The chiteshi ruripo redhiyo kukurukurirana digital format, kwaita transmits yomumugwagwa mamiriro mumhepo kuzvidzivirira murayiro uye kuzvidzora nzvimbo NE mhando IP-15 kana IP-12. Mukuwedzera, chiteshi "Minsk-1" anokwanisa kwazvo zvakarurama kuyera kukwirira chezvinangwa kuita ezvinhu 3-batanidza. Instrumental uchishandisa Range riri 400? Km. The chirongwa chiri kukura.

"Pelican" radar

Three-chiteshi dzeraundi maonero 79K6 (ekisipoti shanduro - 80K6) "Pelican" akatanga mune 1992 ne SPC "chimvari". Chete muna 2007 radar vakatora apu. All midziyo anoiswa pamusoro radar imwe senga chimwe.

The kuwanika wokuUkraine mauto radar 79K6 akabvumira kuti autonomously kushandisa Anti-ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa battalions "S-300PT / PS". Uyezve, zvinoita here kushandisa 79K6 bhurigedhi mamiriro (6 nemapoka). Nokuti chikuru tactical uye michina zvechadenga radar 80K6 zviri pachiyero vatorwa analogues, uye nechezasi kwayo mutengo kanenge kaviri pane vakwikwidzi ayo. Kunonyanyisa kuonekwa siyana "Pelican" chinangwa ndiyo 400? Km. Zvisinei, pana 3-5 mamita ² EPR vasabatwa siyana huru pamusoro ndege kukwira 100 M ndiyo 40? Km; panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 1000 M - 110? km; panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 10-30? km - 300-350? km.

To yokusimbisa mauto pamwe ano radar zvivako uye mhepo kuzvidavirira nehurongwa zvino zvikuru akakodzera. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuramba kudzora airspace rweUkraine uye kupa mirairo wechipfuwo indasitiri.