Chombo mauto. History of chombo mauto. Russian chombo mauto

Rockets sezvo zvombo vaizivikanwa kuti marudzi mazhinji, uye akamisa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakauya pamberi dhiramu nepfuti. Saka, hunonyanya Russian vakawanda uyewo musayendisiti K. I. Konstantinov akanyora kuti pamwe nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa atirari vakapinda kushandiswa, uye zvombo. Ivo anoshandiswa kwose uko gunpowder yaishandiswa. Uye kamwe vakatanga kushandisa zvinangwa zvechiuto, zvino, nokuti ichi uye akasika chinokosha chombo mauto. Nyaya iyi anotarira chidzoke uye kukura akati mhando chombo, kubva mafayawekisi kuti kufamba muchadenga.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Maererano pamutemo nhoroondo, gunpowder yagadzirwa muna China munenge remakore rechi11 AD. Zvisinei ungwaru Chinese regai kukwira makanaka kupfuura kurishandisa ichizadza hwemoto. Zvino, mushure emakore mashomanana "chinoziva" vokuEurope ndakasika ane simba gunpowder yokubika uye pakarepo akawana kushandiswa nokuti chic: .. nepfuti, mabhomba, etc. Zvakanaka, siya kuna Vanyori okuti hana. Iwe neni ari China yekare, nei kutaura haufaniri. Uye chii ita zvinotisimbisa wokushandiswa rokutanga zvombo muuto zvakanyorwa?

The Charter kweuto Russian (1607-1621) sezvo vhidhiyo uchapupu

Chokwadi kuti Russia uye muEurope, mauto akanga ruzivo pamusoro firimu, mudziyo, kuchengetwa uye kushandisa chiratidzo, incendiary zvitundumuseremusere uye mafayawekisi, rinotiudza "Charter nemauto, kanoni uye dzimwe nyaya chokuita nesayenzi zvechiuto." It rinoumbwa 663 nyaya uye mitemo vakasarudzwa kubva mabhuku wokumwe muchiuto. Kureva, gwaro iri rinosimbisa kuvapo zvombo zviri mauto Europe uye Russia, asi hapana pane kutaura kuti kuvashandisa zvakananga chero hondo. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo zvinogona vakagumisa kuti vakanga kushandiswa, kamwe vakaitirana maoko muchiuto.

On nzira iyi minzwa ...

Pasinei kusanzwisisa uye kutya chinhu chitsva vakuru muchiuto, Russian chombo mauto vachiri kuva mumwe vaitungamirira mapazi basa. Uto Modern zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina chitundumuseremusere. Zvisinei, nzira pakukura kwavo zvave zvakaoma zvikuru.

Pamutemo, hondo Russian akatora chiratidzo chokutanga (chiedza) zvombo muna 1717. Mushure anenge makore zana, muna 1814-1817 gg., Military musayendisiti AI Kartmazov akatsvaka kuzivikanwa kubva machinda kurwisa dzakakwirira putika uye incendiary zvitundumuseremusere (2, 2.5 uye 3,6 padiki) yokuzvigadzirira. Vaiva nendege zvakawanda 1.5-3? Km. Nyaya navo uye haana kugamuchirwa.

Muna 1815-1817 gg. Russian atirari AD Zasyadko uyewo invents munhu mhenyu zvombo zvakafanana, uye naivowo, musapotse muchiuto vakuru. Rinotevera kuedza kwakaitwa muna 1823-1825 gg. Pashure zhinji kuvhiya Ushumiri Hondo, pfungwa rave pakupedzisira anzverwa, uye uto Russian akasvika zvitundumuseremusere remauto rokutanga (2, 2.5, 3 uye 4-padiki). Flight distance aiva 1-2,7? Km.

Izvi zvinovhiringidza remakore rechi19

Muna 1826 unotanga uremu kweShanduro akati zvombo. Kuti vaite izvi St. Petersburg akasika wokutanga chitundumuseremusere tsika. Muna April gore rakatevera vakaumba rokutanga chitundumuseremusere kambani yacho (muna 1831 zvakanzi kunzi kupinda bhatiri). Izvi revarwi chikwata aiendeswa kwemajoini chiito pamwe vamabhiza uye vaifamba. Asi ichi chiitiko uye mukuru nhoroondo chombo mauto nyika yedu.

rubhabhatidzo moto

Kokutanga Russian mauto chombo zvaishandiswa August 1827 kuCaucasus munguva Russian-wevechitendero hondo (1826-1828.) Iri. Kwapera gore, munguva yehondo pamwe Turkey, ivo taizviisa murayiro panguva yokukombwa Varna chakaitwa. Saka, muna danidziro 1828 muna 1191 chombo chinoita zvokukandwa akanga adzingwa basa, izvo 380 uye 811 kumusoro-putika incendiary. Kubvira ipapo, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa mauto basa guru iri hondo kwechiuto.

Military injiniya K. A. Shilder

Uyu murume chipo 1834 akakurukura magadzirirwo kuti vakauya zvombo mugomba itsva Danho okukura. mudziyo wake aida pachivande chombo kanda, rakachengetedzwa kurerekera inotungamirira chubhu mhando. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi haarambidzi Schilder. Akava zvombo pamwe kunowedzera putika kushanda. Uyezve, akanga ari wokutanga munyika elektrozapaly kureva vesa yakasimba mafuta. Uyewo 1834, gore Schilder akagadzira uye kunyange kuedzwe wokutanga chombo-akatakura hwemvura uye kushanda mungarava yepasi pegungwa munyika. Iye wakateya pamusoro magwa kuti chombo kanda chokugadza pamwe pose uye pasi pemvura mamiriro ezvinhu. Sezvaunogona kuona, yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19 kunoratidzwa kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwaiita chombo.

Refutenendi General K. I. Konstantinov

Muna 1840-1860 gg. kubatsira kwazvo kuti pave chombo zvombo, uyewo dzidziso dzayo rwisana kushandisa akaita mumiririri atirari chikoro Russian, muvambi uye musayendisiti K. I. Konstantinov. basa rake dzesayenzi, iye revolutionized ari chitundumuseremusere, saka kuti Russian michina atora nzvimbo unoenda munyika. Akakurukura zvinokosha experimental emuchina, zvesayenzi kuti mazano zvombo mhando iyi. A nhamba mano uye zvokuridzira Pakusarudza ballistic unongotaura. The musayendisiti akaita somunhu innovator mumunda mukugadzira zvitundumuseremusere, kuti vakawanda-zvibereko. Akaita chaizvo mune fuma kuchengeteka kwezvinhu basa mukugadzira zvombo.

Konstantinov akakudziridza kupfuura simba chitundumuseremusere launchers uye muchina navo. Somugumisiro, kufadza-siyana 5.3? Km. Kutanga michina vava kupfuura inotakurika, yakakodzera uye akakwana, anopa yakakwirira rakarurama uye mwero romoto, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzine makomo. Muna 1856, mumwe chombo chirimwa ndiye akasika Konstantinov muna Nikolaev.

The Frizington aita basa rake

Muzana remakore rechi19, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa mauto uye atirari akaita chaizvo achikwakuka mberi kwayo kukura uye kuparadzira. Somuenzaniso, zvombo zvehondo vakaiswa kumisha basa zvose rechiuto maruwa. Hapana chimwe warship uye wengarava chawo, apo pane kushandiswa chombo mauto. Vakanga avepo mumunda muhondo, uye panguva yokukombwa uye storming wakakombwa, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvisinei, pakazopera remakore rechi19 Missiles akanga zvikuru hwakaderera mberi kanoni atirari, kunyanya pashure pakuonekwa kumberi dzichapambwa pfuti. Zvino kwakauya gore 1890. Akanga kuguma nokuti chombo mauto: kwakadai chombo wakasuduruka kubva pamusika pose.

Jet Propulsion: sezvinoita Phoenix ...

Pasinei kuramba weuto chombo mauto, masayendisiti mberi basa ravo iri mhando chombo. Saka, MM Pomortsev zvinganaka itsva zvinogadzirisa pamusoro zvibereko ndege kure uye kururama. I. V. Volovsky yakatanga chitundumuseremusere kutenderera mhando multi-barreled ndege uye pasi anotsanangura launchers. NV Gerasimov akagadzira rwisana antiaircraft zvakasimba dzomuzana.

The huru chipinganidzo kukura unyanzvi ichi chaiva kushaya yokungotaura framework. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko iri, rimwe boka remasayendisiti Russian mukupera rechi19 uye kwezana remakore rechi20 vakaita titanic basa uye akaita rakakura dzidziso ndege propulsion. Zvisinei, muvambi vabatane dzidziso chitundumuseremusere emuchina uye nzvimbo vakava K. E. Tsiolkovsky. musayendisiti ichi yokufeva kubva 1883, uye kusvikira okupedzisira oupenyu hwake kushanda ari matambudziko ari chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo kutiza. Vakanga atsunga zvikuru nyaya yokuti ndege propulsion.

The udyire basa masayendisiti akawanda Russian akapa kurudziro itsva kugadzira zvombo izvi, uye, naizvozvo, upenyu hutsva ichi mauto ekare. Tsiolkovsky uye Queen - kwedu nyika nzvimbo mauto chokuita mazita vakakurumbira nemifananidzo Kunyange nhasi.

Soviet Russia

Pashure pokuchinja, basa akamira pamusoro zvombo havana, sezvo muna 1933, Jet Research Institute akanga kunyange akamiswa muMoscow. Rave yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti eSoviet ballistic uye rwendo zvombo uye experimental raketoplanery. Mukuwedzera, dzakabudirira yekudyidzana akura zvombo uye launchers kwavari. Izvi zvinosanganisira izvo akazova kunozivikanwa muhondo motokari BM-13 "Katyusha". In RNII zvakaita wandei zvakawanwa. A kunzwisisa zvirongwa zviyero, mano, uye hurongwa kuti akagamuchira dzakwidzwa kushandiswa chitundumuseremusere mapurani.

Great Patriotic War

"Katyusha" rava nyika yokutanga vakawanda kanda chitundumuseremusere enyika. Uye Chikurukuru, pakusikwa muchina uyu vakabatsira kuti resumption chaiwo chombo mauto. Pakazosvika pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II rwisana motokari BM-13 akaiswa basa. Zvakandiomera ezvinhu akanga akapararira 1941, vakakumbira kunokurumidza panopindwa imwe chombo itsva. Industrial kugadzirisa kwave kuitwa pfupi zvichibvira nguva. Uye muna August, iri kugadzirwa ichi mhando zvombo vaiita 214 mafekitari. Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, muchiuto vanga kuzodzosera akagadzira chombo nemauto, asi munguva yehondo vakadaidzwa Guards dhaka zviyero, uye, zvadaro, kusvikira nanhasi - reactive atirari.

Kurwisa motokari BM-13 "Katyusha"

First GMCH rakakamurwa ukomba uye mapoka. Saka, kutanga zvinoita zvokukandwa bhatiri, iro raiva 7 mutyairi zvinomera uye uwandu zvombo duku, pasi murayiro Captain Flerov yakaumbwa mumazuva matatu uye 2 July nezvezvakanaka Western Front. Uye musi waJuly 14, "Katyusha" akuramba salvo wake wokutanga paImba Hondo Orsha kuchiteshi (rwisana motokari BM-13 unoratidzwa mufananidzo).

Chombo mauto debut ake akarova airwadza panguva iyoyowo vachiridzira 112 anoshongwa. Somugumisiro, pamusoro yemapurisa kunganduma sokupenya: zvombo raputika, ichipfuta zvitima. Firestorm akaparadza uye muvengi manpower uye uto michina. Kurwa Kushanda zvombo kumbenge zvose. Mumakore ose Second World War maiva zvinokosha achikwakuka kukura ndege michina, izvo zvakazoita kuti chinokosha kupararira GMCH. Pakazopera hondo chombo mauto raisanganisirei nomumwe mapoka 40, 115 regiments, 40 takaparadzana brigades uye 7 nokupesana - mune zvose 519 nemapoka.

Kana uchida rugare - kugadzirira hondo

Pashure pehondo, chitundumuseremusere atirari akaramba achikura - wakawedzera chikuva, rakarurama moto uye simba salvo. wose zvizvarwa zvakasikwa muSoviet nemauto kunzwisisa 40-dhiramu 122-mm MLRS "Grad" uye "Prima", 16-barreled 220-mm MLRS "Hurricane" inonzi kukundwa nhovo huru pane chinhambwe 35? km. Muna 1987, yakanga yakagadzirwa nevanhu 12-dhiramu 300-mm kumberi MLRS "Smerch", iro nhasi asina analogues munyika. Siyana vakakurirwa chinangwa chokugadza iri 70? Km kure. Uyezve, mashoko Army akagamuchira tactical, tactical uye Anti tangi enyika.

zvombo New

Mune 50s remakore rapfuura pakava weboka chombo mauto akasiyana-siyana. Asi chitundumuseremusere atirari akaramba nzvimbo yaro uye nhasi. mhando itsva vakasikwa - ichi Anti-chombo mauto uye zvine urongwa masimba. zvidzidzo izvi vanosimbiswa panyika, mugungwa, pasi mvura uye mudenga. Saka, Anti-ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa mauto somunhu vakaparadzana revarwi mhando anomiririrwa achizvidzivirira, asi zviumbu dzakadaro zviripo Navy. With paakasika zvombo zvenyukireya vakasimuka chikuru mubvunzo: sei kusunungura mhosva kuti kuenda? Mune USSR, kusarudza yakaitwa muchifarira chombo chinoita zvokukandwa, somugumisiro kwaiva Strategic Rocket Forces.

Zvokukura Kugadzirwa Strategic Chombo Forces

1. 1959-1965 ,. - pakusikwa, nekutumirwa kwemauto, inoshandiswa pakutsigira pamusoro akasvinurira intercontinental ballistic zvombo, anokwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri inokosha hunhu dzakasiyana-siyana zvechiuto uye nzvimbo dzine. Muna 1962, ivo Strategic Chombo Forces akatora chikamu mu "Anadyr" uto kuvhiyiwa, zvichiguma Cuba vakaiswa muchivande svikiro zvenguva zvombo.
2. 1965-1973 gg. - the nekutumirwa kwemauto pamusoro yakatya pakagadzirwa zvombo zveICBMs chizvarwa chechipiri. Kushandurwa Strategic Chombo Forces mu huru chezvinonhuwira renyukireya ehondo USSR.
3. 1973-1985 gg. - midziyo RVSN chizvarwa chechitatu zvombo pamwe kupatsanurwa warhead pamwe inoperera nhungamiro nomumwe.
4. In 1985-1991. - kubviswa zvenguva-siyana zvombo uye zvombo RVNS yechina chizvarwa enyika.
5. In 1992-1995. - pakuguma yakatya pakagadzirwa zvombo zveICBMs kubva kuUkraine, Belarus uye kuKazakhstan. Akaumba Russian Strategic Chombo Forces.
6. Of 1996-2000. - pakatanga rechishanu-chizvarwa chombo "Topol-M". Tikatora Military Space Forces, Strategic Chombo Forces uye Chombo uye Space Defense.
7. 2001 - RVSN dzikwanise 2 Armed Forces - the Strategic Chombo Forces uye Space Forces.

mhedziso

Muitiro okukura uye pakagadzwa chombo mauto panzvimbo heterogeneous. Rine munoitika zvinofadza nezvisingafadzi, uye kunyange kubviswa "chombo" iri nemauto nyika mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 zvakakwana. Zvisinei, chitundumuseremusere, sezvinoita Phoenix richisimuka kubva madota Second World War uye zvakasimba wakaiswa muchiuto kunzwisisa.

Uye pasinei nokuti mumakore 70 apfuura, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa mauto kunge inini zvinokosha kuchinja kwesangano mamiriro, zvimiro, nzira kurwa kwavo kushandiswa, ivo nguva dzose vane basa kuti inogona kurondedzerwa chete nemashoko mashomanana: kuva tisaita pamusoro yaiparadza pamusoro yedu nyika. MuRussia, 19 November runoonekwa kuva nyanzvi zuva chombo mauto uye atirari. zuva rino akabvumirwa maererano Presidential ndizvo nhamba 549 kubva 31.05.2006 gore. Right ari mufananidzo unoratidza chiratidzo Russian chombo mauto.