Polyethylene: kubvunda pfungwa, mutengi zvivako uye kushandisa

Nhasi, vanhu havagoni kuita pasina chakagadzirwa zvinhu. Vane zvinoverengeka yakasiyana unhu iripo uye kuderedza mari kugadzirwa. Mumwe zvinhu zvakadai anoita se polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa, uyewo dzimwe nokurondedzerwa hunonyatsodonongodza vakafanirwa nezvazvo. Ndicho chimwe chezvinhu vakatsvaka-pashure zvinhu nhasi. Uyezve, makemikari indasitiri nyika yakabereka hafu ethylene, inoendeswa pakugadzirira polyethylene. Kuti tinzwisise nei nevakawanda nhasi, unofanira kufunga zvachiri.

Chii fuma

The nemamiriro polyethylene mamorekuru iri nyore. It sokunge necheni chine kabhoni maatomu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo vanobatana mamorekuru maviri rehydrogen. Munyika mune shanduro mbiri fuma iyi. Avo akasiyana chivako. Izvi zvinoratidzwa ehupfumi akadzadzwa polyethylene (a utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa, mutengi). Chii kunovabatanidza ndiyo chete mavambo. Both okunatsiridza vakagadzirira kubva ethylene.

Wokutanga mhando ine Linear polyethylene monomers. dhigirii Avo polymerization ndiyo 5000 kana kupfuura. The nadzurudzo wechipiri ane branching monomers. Ivo rinoumbwa kabhoni maatomu (4 kusvika 6).

Kuumba Linear polyethylene, vakashandisa zvakananga catalysts. The polymerization kwacho kunoitika panguva tembiricha anosvika 150 ° C.

zvinoitwa

The thermoplastic polymer icho ichazivikanwa noku opacity pamusoro rukoko panguva makobvu, rinowanika kwatiri polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa, hwokugadzira zvechadenga acho kuti yakakurumbira sarudzo. It crystallizes iri zvinobva -60 kusvika -269 ° C.

Its chikuru unhu hwakanaka ndiye kushaya wetting kuti polyethylene. Kumba, iye asina pachena kuti dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Uyewo, hapana sei panguva nzvimbo tembiricha kuti mvura munyu, acidic uye alkaline mhinduro.

Apo tembiricha inokwira kusvika 60 ° C, mashoko acho anova pangozi sulfuric uye nitric acids. Kushandisa oxidants chokubata pemvura polyethylene, angatarisirwa kuparadzwa pamusoro rukoko. The acho anotanga kuti wetted nemvura. unhu uhwu zvakakodzera kuti Muitiro unobatanidza polyethylene.

polymerization nzira

Zvichienderana nzira polymerization pamusoro ethylene, polyethylene ndiyo 3 Marudzi: pasi, mukuru kumanikidzwa uye Linear mhando zvinhu. It anosarudza chii unhu achava polyethylene. Utsotso nguva, hwokugadzira ehupfumi nomumwe dzemarudzi akasiyana. Saka, vari kushandiswa anenge zvose zvoupenyu mabasa evanhu.

Polyethylene yakaitwa pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa, zvakawanda nyoro. polymerized yakakura nzira yake. The kumanikidzwa pane ichi inowana 1-3 zviuru. ATM. The tembiricha iri 180 ° C. Okisijeni rinobatanidzwa kana ichi sezvo initiator.

Low arambe achirema polyethylene iri kugadzirwa uchishandisa Ziegler-Natta catalysts. In izvi anoshayisa chikamu makemikari solvent. Uchishandisa nevamwe zvinenge 5 ATM., Uye tembiricha kwazvo 80 ° C.

Linear (avhareji) polyethylene chinhu zvenguva zvinhu pakati vaiona marudzi. Izvi zvinoshanda unhu ayo uye zvivako. Wakaitwa panguva kumanikidzwa 30-40 ATM. Kana kushandisa metallocene catalysts zvinobvira kuwana chibereko kunowedzera simba.

Chikonzero musiyano Polyethylene Properties

Branching macromolecular mamiriro anosarudza kuti ehupfumi akadzadzwa polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa, arambe achirema, kuvimba mhando redunhu. The zvakawanda matavi ine, ndipo kwakavharwa nenyama zvinhu nezvishoma crystalline ehupfumi inotengwa panguva goho.

chinhu ichi kunokutadzisa paumbwe sechivako denser kavha macromolecules chipingamupinyi anova 100% padanho crystallinity. The zvinhu zvakare ane mumhepo kutotanga. Rine akarayira zvikamu zvakakwana mamorekuru. Kugadzira nzira anosarudza nhamba crystalline uye mhepo yakapoteredza maitikiro. chinhu ichi kunokanganisa ehupfumi ari polyethylene.

Naizvozvo, firimu, izvo zvibereko yakaderera-kumanikidzwa, zvakawanda permeable kupfuura mamwe marudzi. Kunokonzera crystallinity (samolecular uremu), kuti wakakwidzwa zvokuimba unongotaura. Naizvozvo, sezvo firimu zvinhu zviri pachena uye kwakavharwa nenyama. Zvisinei, polyethylene machira vari vanachandagwinyira uye opaque.

migumisiro tembiricha

Nokupesvedzera kwezvakatipoteredza yepamusoro shanduko iri vachinzwisisa polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa fuma iyi zvakare novimba nzira inoshandiswa. Kazhinji, kuti polyethylene kana neshungu kaviri nzendo dzakawanda. Chokutanga, anova nyoro, kwakavharwa nenyama. Ari nyore akaremara nomuviri zvinofurira.

Brittleness tembiricha uko svikiro anorasikirwa raro simba polyethylene unhu 70 ° C. Mimwe kuwedzera kwayo zvinhu dzinopomhodza zvakawanda. Zvachose anorasikirwa ayo yokusafa chimiro kana neshungu pamusoro 120 ° C. In fuma zvinoitika mvura panguva tembiricha 130 ° C.

Kuwedzera kudziyisa tembiricha, zvinokosha kufungawo matambudziko ultraviolet mwaranzi. Kana mashoko acho ari kushandiswa panze zvigadzirwa, unofanira kusarudza zvakasimba-siyana. Zvikasadaro, munyoro, kwakavharwa nenyama polyethylene pashure pemakore kushanda pasi zvakananga chezuva achava nesimba uye haungatani kuputsika. Kunyange ruvara kwemashoko kuchinja pamusoro nguva.

High arambe achirema polyethylene

Mumwe dzakasiyana-siyana, pane chinokosha unhu. Izvi kunosvika kuwanda mafomu, ine polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa (matunhu arambe achirema) ndiyo 120-135 ° C. Mune dzimwe mamakisi nokupisa nemishonga iri 110 ° C. High samolecular arambe achirema anovandudza chafariz uye kuvhunduka nemishonga.

Kuwedzera kune izvi unhu, pasi arambe achirema polyethylene iri shoma kubatwa nemakemikari kurwisa. Zvisinei, kunyanya arambe achirema pamusoro mamorekuru yakaderera tembiricha achiita zvinhu pfava, zvinovawo permeable kuti nemhute, magasi.

mhando iyi zvinhu ine zvakanaka dielectric maitiro. Ndiye pakugadzira vakaneta asi ari nyore muzvikamu maindasitiri kugadzirwa.

Low arambe achirema polyethylene

boka Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchinja, lightweight polyethylene. Kubvunda tembiricha, crystallization ehupfumi murege kubva kumusoro-simba, kupisa nemishonga zvigadzirwa. Zvichienderana mhando angava akasiyana arambe achirema. Dzavo utsotso tembiricha iri kubva 60 kusvika 90 ° C.

Kungofanana wambotaurwa mhando zvinhu, mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene zvakawanda yakasimba kana samolecular uremu anowedzera. Zviri zvishoma asingatani kwemakemikari, ultraviolet zvinofurira. Asi kunoderedza kukwanisa zvayo kukurira ukapisa murwi. On polyethylene izvi zvikuru chando makatsemuka, kwatanga. Zvinova permeable kuti iite uye magasi.

zvinhu yakadaro varipowo wakanaka dielectric unhu. Haaratidzi kuramba mafuta, mafuta. Asi ichi acho kuringana nemwaranzi matanda. Biology, ichi zvinhu Uyewo inert, asi nyore kugadzira.

Kushandisa yakaderera arambe achirema polyethylene

Pakusarudza yokusafa yepamusoro zvinhu zvezvinotaurwa inova polyethylene. Utsotso pfungwa (kushandiswa parameter ichi chinodikanwa pakusarudza chinhu chimwe nechimwe) inoita Kugadzirwa yakadaro pfuma kavha uye mumagaba. Kazhinji, mugaba riri kugadzirwa nevanhu nokurova Kuumbwa. Izvi zvingava midziyo yezvizorwa kana zvinonhuhwira, chikafu kavha.

Magaba uye mudziyo kubva pasi arambe achirema polyethylene yaishandiswa motokari uye nemakemikari maindasitiri, iri kugadzirwa peturu matangi ngoma.

Kuwana makarindira kugadzirwa kavha mafirimu zvakafanana zvinhu. Vakawanda kushandiswa pakugadzira pombi, nyere Fittings. Chinhu zvakachipa uye vafuke zvinhu. Anokwanisa bvikinyidza uchida yemakwikwi zvigadzirwa kubva kumusika.

Kushandisa mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene

Polyethylene, riri pazasi utsotso tembiricha kupfuura rapfuura kwemarudzi, rinoshandiswa pagadzirwe mafirimu nokuda zvokurima, chikafu bhizimisi uye zvimwe zvinangwa maindasitiri. Ake kudiwa anogara kukura.

Various mafirimu zvinangwa okurima vangava wokuwedzera chisimbiso, ruvara kuri zvakasiyana. Ivo zvinoshandiswa greenhouses, neminda kuvandudza uye nhamba yemabhuku chirimwa.

Food mafirimu, Mabhokisi pose atsva zvose pamwero ose gore. Izvi mhando zvinhu anodzingwa huru kumusika zvikamu zvigadzirwa kubva nezvimwewo.

maumbirwo kunwa

Polyethylene, utsotso pfungwa iyo inorondedzera kukura kwayo munyika yose kudiwa kukuru. Mamiriro acho kuparadzwa unofadza zvikuru. 60-70% kuti polyethylene zvinoshandiswa kugadzira machira uye nemafirimu.

Uyewo, chikuru chikamu zvachose goho rwugare nyaya yaunganidzwa jekiseni Kuumbwa kana achishandisa extrusion. Zvishoma kupfuura kugadzirwa kuputira kuti magetsi waya, pombi uye Fittings. polyethylene rinoshandiswawo hwokubereka nyaya kubudikidza akarova kuumbwa uye nevamwe.

In pagadzirwe machira uye mafirimu vari dzinenge nguva dzose kushandiswa mukuru kumanikidzwa polyethylene (yakaderera arambe achirema). Ivo kugadzirwa dzakasiyana. Firimu ukobvu iri kuwanda 0.03-0.3 neMM, uye machira - 6.1 mm.

Kuwedzera kavha, ane zvinhu kungaita kuti homwe, mabhegi, liners nokuti rokuchera, mabhokisi nezvimwe mumagaba. The ehupfumi kuitwa chigadzirwa, kuziva nzira kugadzirwa polyethylene. Panoperera kugadzirwa imwe neimwe zvinhu riri basa mazambiringa. Zvinobatsira kusarudza zvakarurama zvinhu mhando chipi indasitiri.