Energy matambudziko aro anoshanda

The dambudziko simba revanhu kubva kuva kwakapararira ose gore. Izvi imhaka nezvokukura pose vemo uye kukurumidza kukura kwezvinhu, iyo inotungamirira kukura kwevari simba rakawanda. Pasinei nokushandiswa zvenyukireya, nzira uye hydro simba, mugove huni vanhu weshumba kuramba motora kubva panyika. Mafuta, negasi uye marasha vari exhaustible dzinongoitika simba zvinhu, kuti zvevakomana, padanda ravo airarama yakaoma pamwero.

Kutanga mugumo

Kudyidzana simba matambudziko evanhu kwakatanga 70s remakore rapfuura, apo nguva mafuta chisingakoshi riri pamusoro. Dhefisiti rakapinza kuwedzera mutengo kwakadai huni kwakamutsa chakakura dambudziko iri upfumi munyika. Uye kunyange ukoshi hwayo shoma pamusoro nguva, mavhoriyamu zvave zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera, saka simba uye mbishi zvinhu dambudziko revanhu iri kuramba ichiva chakasimba.

Somuenzaniso, chete munguva kubva 60 kusvika 80 makore remakore rechimakumi maviri, munyika yose Vhoriyamu marasha rakanga 40%, mafuta - 75% negasi - 80% of yaipedzerwa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kubva pakutanga remakore.

Pasinei nokuti mafuta kuperevedza kwakatanga 70s uye vakawana kuti dambudziko simba - iri idambudziko pasi pose vanhu, haana kupa Zvaifungidzirwa kuti kukura rinodyiwa. Zvakanga aronga kuti bhuku mugodhi nokuda 2000 achawanda ka3. Naizvozvo, chokwadi, zvirongwa izvi aiitwa, asi mugumisiro wacho kushandisa pfachura chaizvo mari, urwo rwakatora emakore, nhasi vari dzotsauka.

The chikuru nenzvimbo zvinoumba simba matambudziko evanhu

Chimwe chikonzero kukura huni shoma ndiwo weighting mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kugadzirwa uye, sezvo zvakaguma kuwedzera mari kwacho. Kana emakore mashomanana apfuura, kuti zviwanikwa avete pamusoro pemvura, asi nhasi vanofanira kuramba kuwedzera kudzama mumigodhi, gasi uye mafuta matsime. Most zvikurukuru akarwarisa Geological mamiriro ezvinhu panowanikwa simba ari mutana maindasitiri nzvimbo North America, Western Europe, Russia neUkraine.

Tichifunga nenzvimbo chokuita simba uye mbishi zvinhu matambudziko evanhu, tinofanira kutaura kuti kwavo anogadzirisa kuwedzera Resource miganhu. Vanofanira kuva nzvimbo itsva kupenya Geological ezvinhu. Saka zvinobvira kuderedza mari mafuta kugadzirwa. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvinonyatsorehwa guta kusimba simba kurimwa munzvimbo itsva, sezvo mutemo, muri dzakakwirira zvikuru.

Economic uye geopolitical chokuita simba uye mbishi zvinhu matambudziko evanhu

Kuparadzwa Zvisaririra mafuta reserves zvakakonzera chidzoke chakakomba makwikwi zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye geopolitical mabhora. Giant makambani vari mubasa muchikamu mafuta peturu uye simba pfuma uye redistribution kuti mabhora ose simba iri indasitiri, iyo inotungamira anogarokanganiswa mutengo nokufamba panyika gasi pamusika, marasha uye mafuta. Kusagadzikana mamiriro ezvinhu zvakakomba kuwedzera simba matambudziko evanhu.

Global Energy Security

Pfungwa iyi akapinda kushandiswa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21. Nenhungamiro yakadaro kuchengeteka nzira zvinopa yakavimbika, refu-refu uye zvakatipoteredza zvinogamuchirika simba romugove, mitengo yakanga uchapembedzwa, uye kuronga nyika zvose kwekurasira uye importing mafuta.

Implementation kuti nzira iyi zvinokwanisika chete kana kubvisa zvinokonzera simba matambudziko evanhu uye anoshanda matanho zvainanga mberi kuona upfumi hwenyika ave kwakajairika rinochiwedzera uye simba kubva kumwe zvinyorwa. Uye kukura nzira simba zvinofanira kupiwa vainyatsotarisirwa.

simba kuchengetedza urongwa

Mumazuva zvakachipa mafuta zvikuru upfumi zvekuvaka-nyanyisa akaita yakabuda munyika dzakawanda pasi pose. Chokutanga, kwakadaro kutanga Zvakacherechedzwa munyika akapfuma chicherwa kupfuma. Ndokunanga mazita Soviet Union, United States, Canada, China uye Australia. Muna USSR bhuku huni yakaenzana kuparadzwa ndiko kakawanda kupfuura muna America.

mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvaida kukurumidza pakatanga simba rokuponesa Mutemo zvipfuwo, maindasitiri, nezvifambiso uye dzimwe sectors hwenyika. Kufungisisa zvose zvinobatanidzwa simba uye mbishi zvinhu matambudziko evanhu makatanga kutanga nekuita ruzivo kuderedza zvakananga simba kusimba GDP munyika idzi, uye kuti kuvakazve yose upfumi nemamiriro upfumi hwenyika.

Nezvatisina

Zvikuru kunooneka Kubudirira mune simba okuponesa kwave kubudirira mune zvoupfumi dzakabudirira kuWest. Kwemakore 15 yokutanga vakakwanisa kuderedza simba kusimba kwayo GDP kubudikidza 1/3, zvakazoita kuti rutapudzo pamusoro mugove wavo wenyika simba kunwa kubva 60 kusvika 48 muzana. To musi, muitiro iwoyo wakapfuurira, uye GDP kukura kuMadokero mberi kukura vhoriyamu peturu rinodyiwa.

Sezvineiwo kuipa muCentral uye Eastern Europe, China uye Kishi nyika. The simba kusimba upfumi kunoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma. Asi vatungamiri zvoupfumi antireytinga vari kusimukira. Somuenzaniso, mune dzakawanda African uye Asian nyika kurasikirwa akabatanidza fuel (negasi uye mafuta) vanobva 80 kusvika 100 muzana.

Chinosuwisa uye Inofadza

Energy matambudziko uye nzira kurigadzirisa nhasi hanya nenyika. Kuti uvandudze ezvinhu aripo akatanga siyana hwokugadzira uye kwesayenzi zvakagadzirwa. Nechinangwa simba okuponesa runokwaniswa maindasitiri matunhu neminisiparati midziyo, yakabereka zvakawanda mafuta-basa motokari, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Pakati chikuru macroeconomic zviyero zvinosanganisira zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja chimiro kudyiwa negasi, marasha uye mafuta nechinangwa kuwedzera mugove nzira uye renewable simba zvinhu.

Kuti abudirire kupedza simba matambudziko vanhu zvakafanira kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo kukura uye Implementation pamusoro itsva ruzivo zvinowanikwa panguva ino padariro zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga.

renyukireya

Imwe ndiyo mirayiridzo mumunda simba riri renyukireya. Mune dzimwe dzakabudirira kunge atoisa kushanda chizvarwa chitsva zvenyukireya reactors. Masayendisiti Nuclear zvino zvakare achishingaira akakurukura nyaya reactors uchishanda kutsanya Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kuti, sezvo kamwe vaifunga kuti kuva itsva uye zvikuru inoshanda sefungu simba renyukireya. Zvisinei, kukura kwavo dzakavharwa, asi zvino nyaya iyi yava kukamura uchishandisa zvakare.

Kushandiswa MHD emagetsi

Direct kutendeutsa kupisa mukati magetsi pasina chiutsi boilers uye turbines anobvumira magnetohydrodynamic emagetsi. Kukura ichi vaizotibata kuitika rakatanga kumavambo 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Muna 1971 muMoscow akanga akaita wokutanga kutanga-up of mutyairi MHD simba 25,000 KW.

The chikuru zvakanakira MHD emagetsi ndiwo:

• mukuru kunyatsoshanda;
• kwezvakatipoteredza ushamwari (hapana anokuvadza choutsi mumhepo);
• kutanga pakarepo.

cryogenic Turbo-jenareta

Nheyo nokushanda cryogenic jenareta iri ndechokuti rotor iri dzaserera ne mvura nehelium, mauri mugumisiro inotengwa superconductivity. The zvazvisingarambiki zvakanakira muchina uyu zvinosanganisira yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda, pasi uremu uye miganhu.

Experimental-maindasitiri kumumvuri ane cryogenic Turbo-jenareta akasikwa yaitonga Soviet Union, uye ikozvino Zviitiko zvakadai kuitika muna Japan, United States nedzimwe dzakabudirira.

rehydrogen

Achishandisa rehydrogen sezvinoita huni ane tarisiro huru. Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, ruzivo urwu kuchabatsira kugadzirisa mikuru matambudziko evanhu lobal - simba uye pakugadzira zvinhu dambudziko. Chokutanga, hydrogen chinotsva ndiyo imwe nzira dzinongoitika simba zvinhu zviri ouinjiniya indasitiri. Wokutanga motokari iri rehydrogen akasikwa eJapan kambani "Mazda" mukutanga '90s, injini itsva yakagadzirwa kwaari. Kuedza akabudirira chaizvo, achisimbisa zvingakwanisa mirayiridzo iyi.

electrochemical emagetsi

Izvi mafuta masero, iyo vari kushanda rehydrogen. Chinotsva akapfuura kuburikidza polymeric Kamudzira chaiwo mumiririri - tiwedzere. Somugumisiro makemikari maitiro pamwe okisijeni, rehydrogen riri mudzoke mumvura, kwokusunungura makemikari simba kubudikidza combustion, iyo dzikwanise magetsi.

Engines vane mafuta masero akasiyana maximally yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda (pamusoro 70%), izvo kaviri kupfuura kwakajairika simba miti. Kuwedzera kuti, vari nyore kushandisa, kunyarara kuvhiyiwa uye undemanding kugadzira.

Munguva ichangopfuura, peturu masero vane nhete zvezvinotaurwa chikumbiro, somuenzaniso pakutsvakurudza nzvimbo. Asi ikozvino basa Implementation ose electrochemical emagetsi uchipinda ichiitwa zvikuru mune zvoupfumi dzakabudirira, okutanga unova Japan. The zvachose Kukwanisa vezvikwata izvi munyika akayera mune mamiriyoni kWh. Somuenzaniso, muna New York uye Tokyo vatova simba pamusoro zvinhu zvakadai automaker German "Daimler-Benz" akanga wokutanga kusika munhu kushanda kumumvuri mumotokari pamwe injini kushanda maererano musimboti ichi.

Pehurumende renyukireya Fusion

Kwemakumi emakore, ichiitwa mumunda kutsvakurudza Fusion simba. At chinoumba renyukireya riri zvakaitwa fission yenyukireya uye Fusion yenyukireya inobva neizvi muitiro - musimboti rehydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium) dzinobatana. Pfungwa deuterium yenyukireya uchipfuta 1 kg kwazvo akasunungura nesimba kwazvo mamiriyoni 10 nguva kuti vakawana kubva marasha. Mugumisiro zvechokwadi zvinoshamisa! Ndokusaka Fusion simba ichaongororwa rimwe ndiyo nzvimbo paakataura yose simba shoma.

Zvaifungidzirwa

Nhasi, kune siyana apa kuti kukura ezvinhu ari munyika yose simba zvekutepfenyura mune ramangwana. Maererano vamwe vavo, kubudikidza 2060 yose kunwa mafuta noenderana kuwedzera matani mabhiriyoni 20. Muchiitiko chino, maererano norukosoro pari, dzichiri kusimukira, ndichagovera zvandapamba kukudziridzwa.

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi21 kunofanira kuderedza uwandu Zvisaririra simba, asi achawedzera mugove renewable, kunyanya mhepo, zuva, geothermal naTidhari simba Inopa.