A mupenyu muviri - nayo ... The kupatsanura zvipenyu. The raora zvipenyu

A mupenyu muviri - ndiyo nyaya huru iri vachidzidza sainzi, kufanana zvipenyu. Zviri hwakaoma kunzwisisa, rine masero, nhengo uye munyama. A mhenyu muviri - ndiye ane vanoverengeka noruzhinji zvinhu. Anofema uye anodya, zvinofamba uye runoita uye ane mwana.

Life Sciences

Shoko rokuti "zvipenyu" wakatangwa JB Lamarck - zvakasikwa French - muna 1802. Panguva iyoyo uye pasina nezita nesayenzi, kurarama nyika, akapa German nyanzvi GR Treviranus.

zvikamu yakawanda Biology kufunga kusiyana kwete bedzi aivapo pari, asi kare yakatotsakatika zvinenge. Vanodzidza dzakavapo uye shanduka urongwa, mamiriro uye kushanda, uyewo munhu kukura uye kutaurirana kwezvakatipoteredza uye mumwe nomumwe.

Sections Biology vaiona private uye zvayo mitemo, izvo zvagara zvinowanika muchimiro zvose zvipenyu zviri ose zvivako uye kuratidzwa. Izvi zvinoshandawo kubereka, uye muviri uye nhodzera, uye kukura, uye kukura.

Tanga nhoroondo Danho

Wokutanga zvipenyu zviri redu waro mamiriro yakasiyana aripo. Vaiva nyore zvikuru. Munyika mumatanho ose inotungamirwa upenyu Panyika akauya dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Iye vakabatsira kuvandudzika pakati zvipenyu zvisikwa, achivabvumira ajairane kunze nyika.

Panguva kutanga pavaipfuura zvipenyu zvakasikwa kudya zvinhu Organic chete kuti vavapo kubva chikuru carbohydrate. Pakutanga kwezana nhoroondo yaro uye mhuka zvinomera zvisikwa tuduku chete-celled. Vakanga zvakafanana magetsi amoebae, zvitema-mutema algae uye utachiona. Panguva Kushanduka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu vakatanga kuonekwa yakanga zvikuru akasiyana uye akaoma kupfuura zvavo vamutangira.

makemikari anoumba

A chipenyu muviri - kureva, mamorekuru riri kuumbwa pamusoro inorganic uye Organic zvinhu.

Aimbova yenhengo izvi zvinosanganisira mvura uye zvicherwa munyu. Organic zvinhu zviri masero zvipenyu zviri kwemafuta uye mapuroteni, nucleic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi, ATP nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti chokwadi chokuti zvipenyu marongerwo zvine chete zvinoriumba dziripo uye zvinhu zviri zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Musiyano mukuru ari nhamba date zvinhu. Zvipenyu - avo makumi mapfumbamwe navasere muzana izvo anoenda rehydrogen, okisijeni, carbon uye senitrogen.

kupatsanura

The Organic nyika yedu nyika anofanira kudanana kusvika hafu yemiriyoni siyana dzemhuka, hafu yemiriyoni mhando zvinomera, uyewo tusingaoneki mamiriyoni gumi. kusiyana kwakadaro hazvigoni akadzidza pasina hwakadzama systematization. The kupatsanura zvipenyu yakatanga kugadzirwa zvakasikwa Swedish Carl Linnaeus. Hwaro basa rake, akaisa hierarchical musimboti. The chikwata akava mhando systematization, zita iro rave uzopa chete muchiLatin.

The kupatsanura zvipenyu yaishandiswa zvipenyu ano, zvinoreva ukama uye shanduka ukama Organic gadziriro. Nepo kuramba musimboti vakuru.

The raora zvipenyu dzine zvakafanana mavambo, zvakafanana chromosome yakatarwa, dzakashandisa mamiriro akafanana, kurarama zvakananga dzinogarisana, pachena interbreed uye kupa vana vanokwanisa kubereka, uye ane maonero.

Pane imwe kupatsanura pakati zvipenyu. sainzi ichi zvose cellular zvinenge vakakamurwa muzvikwata maererano kuvapo kana kusavapo formalized core. It prokaryotes uye eukaryotes.

Boka rokutanga chinomiririrwa chinyakare zvinenge pasina nuclei. Masero aya secrete nharaunda renyukireya, asi rine chete Morekuru. This Mabhakitiriya.

Zvenyukireya vamiririri makemikari nyika vechokwadi eukaryotes. Masero zvipenyu veboka iri dzose dzinokosha STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba. Zvakajeka yakashongedzwa navo, uye core. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhuka, zvinomera uye hunokuvadza.

Sechivako zvipenyu kungava kwete sero chete. Biology zvidzidzo uye zvimwe zvipenyu. Izvi zvinosanganisira dzisiri cellular Utachiona, dzakadai nemavhairasi uye bacteriophages.

Makirasi zvipenyu

In chaivo taxonomy chiripo Rank hierarchical kupatsanura, iyo masayendisiti anodavira mumwe mukuru. Anongotaura makirasi zvipenyu. The zvihombe ndedzinotevera:

- mabhakitiriya;

- howa;

- mhuka;

- miti;

- algae.

Description nemakirasi

Utachiona ane muviri mupenyu. Izvi chete-celled, izvo Anowanza kubudikidza nokupesana. Muchitokisi iri utachiona iri akanyudzwa imwe goko uye ane cytoplasm.

To zvinotevera makirasi zvipenyu zviri notumwe. Zvakasikwa, pane vanenge zviuru makumi mashanu mhando vamiririri ava makemikari nyika. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvipenyu zvakadzidza muzana shanu chete nhamba. Sezvineiwo, howa ane zvimwe zvinhu zvose zvinomera uye mhuka. Basa rinokosha mukirasi iyi zvipenyu iri kukwanisa anoora makemikari acho. Ndokusaka howa kunogona kuwanikwa munenge munyika dzose zvipenyu niches.

A guru siyana fauna of anozvikudza. Vamiririri mukirasi iyi inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakadaro, apo, sokuti, hapana mamiriro ezvinhu aripo.

Boka kupfuura zvikuru yakarongwa imhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo. The zita chavainacho kubva nenzira zvokudya vana. Vamiririri All vari rakakamurwa mhuka ungulates (twiza, bhiza) uye carnivores (gava, mhumhi, bheya).

Vamiririri mhuka ndiwo nezvipembenene. Ivo vari munyika pane zvakawanda. Ivo kushambira achibhururuka, kambaira uye kusvetuka. Vakawanda tupukanana izvozvo chiduku saizi kuti vasingagoni kukunda kunyange mvura makakatanwa.

Mumwe wokutanga vertebrates yakabuda kare munhoroondo nguva panyika, vaiva amphibians uye nezvinokambaira. Achiri upenyu mukirasi iyi chokuita nemvura. Saka, dzinogarisana vakuru - nyika yakaoma, uye kufema kwavo nyore. The mazana zvakare kufema pamwe gills uye kushambira mumvura. Parizvino munyika mune vanenge zviuru zvinomwe mhando mukirasi iyi zvipenyu.

Vamiririri Anowanikwa Fauna of yedu ndiyo shiri. Pashure pezvose, kusafanana nedzimwe mhuka, vanokwanisa kubhururuka. Earth musha anenge zviuru zvisere namazana matanhatu eshiri. For nhengo dzekirasi ichi vanoonekwa ne minhenga uye zai nokuturika.

Kuti boka guru vertebrates ndezvaJehovha hove. Yavanogara madziva uye dzine zvimbi gills. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu vakakamurwa muzvikwata zviviri hove. shwashwa ichi uye mapfupa. Pari zvino pane zvakasiyana mhando vanenge makumi maviri nezviviri hove.

Inside chirimwa kirasi ine yayo grading. Maruva Vamiririri akakamurwa dicots uye monocots. In wokutanga mapoka aya mbeu mudumbu iri, rine cotyledons maviri. Kuona vamiririri ichi kwemarudzi zvinogona mashizha. Vari zvakazadza aine pajira riya kubva mutsinga (zviyo, beets). Embryo pamusoro monocots vane chete cotyledon chete. On mashizha zvinomera vakadaro vakaronga inofambirana mutsinga (hanyanisi, gorosi).

algae Kirasi ane pamusoro zviuru makumi matatu marudzi. Izvi hwemvura spore zvirimwa vasina midziyo ropa, asi ave chlorophyll. chikamu ichi chinowedzera photosynthesis muitiro. Algae kwete kuumba mbeu. kubereka yavo anotora nzvimbo vegetative kana spore. By dzakakwirira zvinomera, kirasi iyi zvipenyu inozivikanwa Pasina madzinde, mashizha nemidzi. Vane chete Yaunoti muviri, unonzi thallus.

Mabasa tinoberekwa zvipenyu

Chii chinokosha kuti chero nhengo makemikari nyika? Ichi muviri simba muviri pezvakaitwa uye zvinhu. Mumuviri mhenyu iri kuramba kutendeuka siyana zvinhu kupinda simba, uye muviri uye zvemakemikari kuchinja kuitika.

basa Ichi chinhu chinodiwa kuti kuvapo mupenyu muviri. Akafanirwa kuti muviri enyika Organic vanhu vakasiyana inorganic. Hongu, zvinhu zvisina upenyu tiri kuchinja nyaya uye simba kuchinja. Zvisinei, azvaiitwa vane kusawirirana kwavo inokosha. Muviri, kunoitika muna inorganic zvinhu, zvinoparadza. Panguva iyoyowo, zvipenyu pasina metabolic pezvakaitwa havagoni kuramba kuripo. Mhedzisiro muviri ndiko kuti dzifambirane ari makemikari hurongwa. Kugumiswa exchange pezvakaitwa kuguma rufu.

Mashandiro anoita chipenyu muviri zviri siyana. Asi vose vari chokuita zvakananga metabolic pezvakaitwa kuitika mairi. Izvi zvinogona kuva kukura uye kubereka, budiriro uye kugaya, kudya kunovaka uye okisijeni, maitiro uye kurunga kusarudzwa uye secretion kuti tsvina, etc. At moyo chero Zvaiitwa muviri chine dzinotsanagura kusanduka simba uye zvinhu. Uyezve, zviri zvakafanana chokuita yaaizova sezvo nyama, sero, nhengo, uye rose muviri.

Muviri muvanhu nemhuka inosanganisira dzinotsanagura muviri uye kugaya. In miti, voitakura nenzira photosynthesis. A muviri mupenyu apo pakutevedzera muviri pacharo anopa zvinovaka muviri zvakakodzera kuti upenyu.

An chinokosha makemikari nyika zvinhu ndiyo kushandiswa kwokunze simba zvinyorwa. Muenzaniso uyu inogona chiedza uye zvokudya.

Properties tinoberekwa zvipenyu

Chero chikwata zvoutachiona rinoumbwa nomumwe zvinhu, izvo, akavapindurawo, muchimiro zvakabatanidzwa kubata hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, muna uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. nhengo dzose uye mashandiro vanomiririra muviri wake. The ehupfumi zvipenyu zviri siyana. Kuwedzera rimwe makemikari anoumba uye mukana metabolic pezvakaitwa anoramba nyika inokwanisa sangano Organic. Kubva samolecular inofamba yakabereka runobva zvimwe zvivako. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvose zvipenyu imwe kuti munguva uye nzvimbo. Structural sangano iri rose akagadzirwa yakaoma nokuzvidzora yokudzora ari metabolic pezvakaitwa kuti zvinoitika nenzira yakananga kuti. Izvi zvinoita kuti tirambe runodiwa pamwero kugara womukati ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, insulin zvinoderedza uwandu shuga muropa kana zviri zvakawandisa. Nokusava chinoumba ichi inoumba adrenaline ake uye glucagon. Uyewo, inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo zvinenge nhaka akawanda zvigadziriswe pakati thermoregulation. Kuwedzera uku ganda capillaries, uye zvikuru vangadikitira. Sezvaunogona kuona, ichi chinhu chinokosha basa kuteererwa muviri.

The ehupfumi zvipenyu kuti dzakananga chete kune makemikari nyika, uye vakagumisa mubishi anozvipira kubereka, nokuti kuvapo chero zvipenyu ezvinhu inguva muganhu. Tsigisa upenyu zvinogona chete kuva kuzvipira kubereka. Hwaro chikamu ichi ndiko kuumbwa samolecular hurongwa itsva uye anokonzerwa mashoko riri wakazopinzwa DNA. Self-kubereka iri zvakabatana chaizvo kuti yedzinza. Pashure pezvose, nowezvipenyu anobereka akafanana pachavo. Kuburikidza yedzinza zvinenge zvakaitika kwavo zvikuru kukura, zvivako uye unhu. pfuma Izvi nokuda kutsungirira. It huripo sechivako morekuru reDNA.

Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza zvipenyu, zviri kugumbuka. Organic hurongwa nguva dzose kupindura nechinzwano zvimwewo kuchinja (rova). Panyaya kushatirwa mumuviri womunhu, ndiwo kunofambidzana nechokuita ehupfumi kuri kuti tsandanyama, achitya, uye glandular tishu. zvinoriumba izvi vanokwanisa kupa wedzera akapindura pashure tsandanyama marwadzo, tsinga zvechivhurumukira mavambo, uye secretion-siyana zvinhu (mahormone, nemate, etc.). Uye kana kunyimwa tsinga mupenyu muviri? The ehupfumi zvipenyu muchimiro kushatirwa richiratidzwa iyi sangano. Somuenzaniso, majemusi kusiya zvinogadzirisa umo munyu wevasungwa hahusvikirwi. Kana mbeu, vanokwanisa kushandura nzvimbo mabukira kuti kupinza chiedza napo.

Chero mupenyu Hurongwa anogona kupindura vakurukurirane. Ndiyo imwe chepfungwa vanovengwa makemikari nyika - excitability. Izvi vaipa tsandanyama uye glandular munyama. Mumwe yokupedzisira maitiro excitability ndiyo kufamba. Kugona kufamba vanowanzochema pfuma zvose zvipenyu zvose, pasinei nokuti zviri pachena zvimwe zvinenge kunyimwa nezvazvo. Pashure pezvose, kufamba cytoplasm kunoitika chero muchitokisi. Kukurudzirwa uye zvakabatanidzwa mhuka. Kukura kufamba nokuwedzera kuwanda masero kuchengetwa miti.

dzinogarisana

Kuvapo makemikari nyika zvinhu runobvira chete pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Vamwe chikamu nzvimbo ine nguva dzose runopoteredza munhu muviri mupenyu kana munhu wose boka. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo.

Muupenyu chero Muviri, makemikari uye inorganic vomumatunhu zvakasikwa kuita basa rinokosha. Ivo kubereka mumwe mugumisiro paari. Zvipenyu vane kuchinja ezvinhu aripo. Saka, vamwe mhuka vanogona kurarama Far North yakaderera chaizvo tembiricha. Vamwe vanogona chete zviripo dzinopisa.

Panyika, pane nzvimbo dzakawanda. Pakati pavo vane:

- mvura;

- pasi-mvura;

- pasi;

- ivhu;

- chipenyu muviri;

- pasi-mhepo.

Basa zvipenyu zvakasikwa

Upenyu Panyika kwave kumativi kwemakore mabhiriyoni matatu. Uye panguva iyoyo yose iyi, zvinenge kunge wakashanduka-shanduka, vakachinja, uye vakagara panguva iyoyowo kushanda zvakavapoteredza.

Mugumisiro Organic gadziriro mhepo akakonzera nezve hombe okisijeni. Izvi zvinooneka akaderedza uwandu carbon dioxide. Kwainyanya okuwana reokisijeni ndivo miti.

Nokupesvedzera zvipenyu vakashandura Kuronga World Ocean. Organic mavambo vamwe pamatombo. Mineral pfuma (mafuta, marasha, reraimu) - iri zvakare mugumisiro kushanda zvipenyu. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinhu zviri makemikari nyika ndivo simba guru rinochinja zvisikwa.

Zvipenyu muri mhando paakati, zvichiratidza unhu hwomunhu kwezvakatipoteredza. Vari chokuita zvakaoma muitiro zvinomera uye ivhu. Nokurasikirwa kunyange chimwe link chain kuda kusaenzana ari zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ezvinhu yose. Ndokusaka riparadzirwe simba uye basa panyika kunokosha kuchengeta zvose huripo kusiyana pakati vamiririri makemikari nyika.