The zvivako zviri porcelain uye chikumbiro chacho

Shoko rokuti "porcelain" rinoreva zvakawanda zvedongo zvigadzirwa, zviri kugadzirwa ari kumusoro tembiricha. Zvavo zvakasiyana zviri ndivo pamusoro kumeso uye vakaderera porosity. ehupfumi aya porcelain pamatunhu kwokudiwa nhasi. Zvakaoma kuwana kuti bhizimisi kana kuti National upfumi hwenyika imwe mhando, kwose rinoshandiswa.

Rakajairika decoration porcelain uye namakemikari vazviziva, mazino korona uye magetsi insulators. Kazhinji chena kana kure-chena, kuti "kubika" ichi zvinhu zvinoshamisa kunobva unpresentable chidimbu zvehari, izvo munodziziva kwatiri mhando chete pashure roasting pamatunhu tembiricha yamavira.

Kubatsira Chinese basa

Munyaya ino, tichakurukura zvivako uye mhando porcelain. Uchanzwisisa sei munyika iyi yakanga yakakurumbira zvokuti kutenga ayo vakazadzwa rwendo rukuru. Wakanaka yakatarwa, nhasi unogona kutenga chero chitoro, ipapo iwe angadai akaurayiwa.

Oddly zvakakwana, asi zvibereko Chinese Artists kupa Ceramics - chete voukama, asi kwete kutungamirira. Kuti uone ichi, zvakatikwanira kuyeuka inokosha ehupfumi ose porcelain, yakabuda okudhindira kuMiddle Kingdom. Zvinhu zviri zvikuru zvakafanana mumwe: zvose kuitika uye yekare porcelain zvinogona glazed kana "rwokuzvarwa." Asi vasina mano zvehari ndizvo manyoro zvikuru. Uye yepamusoro basa hazvigoni kuitwa pairi.

Nei izvi zvichiitika?

ehupfumi rwakadaro porcelain, sezvo simba uye chafariz pakusimba, - muchero yakakwirira tembiricha uko zvekufamba zvinoitiswa chokwadi Chinese Ceramics. It rinoitwa panguva tembiricha kuti 2650 ° C (1454 Celsius). Enzanisa izvi 2200 ° C (1204 Celsius) kuti nyore porcelain. Sezvo zvinhu wechipiri ane kbps, hazvina kushandiswa makemikari indasitiri nemamwe mapazi nesayenzi Tech. Uyezve, zviri chemhando yepamusoro Chinese porcelain kwakanyatsojeka kuchiedza. Zvinonyadzisa Ceramics izvozvo zvinogona kupa.

vasori

"Hard-namatidza" kana porcelain kwechokwadi akazviratidza muna China panguva Tang youmambo (618-907.). Asi chaizvoizvo yepamusoro zvigadzirwa ehupfumi dzavo hakusi muduku ano, zvakazivikanwa nyika kusvikira panguva Yuan youmambo (1279-1368 gg.). Early Chinese porcelain aiva kaolin (ivhu China) uye pegmatite - mafungu mhando girenayiti.

Akanga vasingazivi vaumbi European kutanga importing Chinese midziyo muMiddle Ages. VokuEurope vakaedza kutevedzera Zvivako zviri porcelain, asi haana kubudirira pabasa iri. Sezvo kuongorora ayo makemikari anoumba, havana kukwanisa, zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa nazvo, zvakafananidzirwa ichiyevedza, akatunhidzwa uye panguva imwe chete, yakasimba mbiya chitarisiko chete. Zvakazoonekwa kuti nhingi. Kuti tiwane zvakavanzika porcelain kugadzirwa wechokwadi, zvinopindura chaicho musori hondo, asi Chinese dondo upenyu hugutse zvakavanzika.

Sei izvi zvinhu zvakanga yakakurumbira zvakadaro? Chikonzero - vakaisvonaka ehupfumi ari porcelain chaiko. Zviri akasimba kupfuura kwakajairika Ceramics dzakakwirira chafariz conductivity kuti unobvumira yokubika muhadyana kwazviri kwazvo tii. Uyezve, nokuda kuri pachimedu porcelain ine vashomashoma kusvibiswa, mavara pamwe chete pasi pokudzora chakaita zvokugadzirwa pigments. Cup yekare Chinese basa pashure emakore ane yakachenesesa.

ersatz

Pashure nokusanganisa girazi pamwe mugaba oxide, kuwana opaque zvinhu, nyanzvi dzokugadzira European vakaedza nokubatanidza ivhu uye frosted rinoonekera. inotsiva aya ngakuzivikanwe se "nyoro namatidza" kana kubata porcelain. Asi vakatsamwisa maviri zvisingafadzi chokwadi: zvose izvi zvinhu zvakanga nyoro, kubva izvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti munhu here wakanaka, akatunhidzwa zvigadzirwa, uye kugadzirwa mari vakanga kukwirira. Muchidimbu, zvivako zviri porcelain "ersatz-mhando" zvaiva kure wakakwana.

Pane uchapupu kuti vanatenzi edu nyanzvi unyanzvi wechokwadi porcelain kugadzirwa, asi zvose zvakavanzika Ceramics Russian vakarasika munguva Mongol-wechiTatar Kurwisa, kana maguta rose vakapiswa pamwe vagari vawo vose. Vamwe budiriro aigonawo kusvika British. Ivo akasika munhu "pfupa" mhando zvinhu.

Asi chii chiri pfupa China, chikuru zvinhu ndamuuyisa zvikuru kukurumbira izvo mu Europe akare?

History chokusika

Muna 1707, vanhu vokuGermany maviri anonzi Ehrenfried Walther of Chimhaus uye Yohan Fridrih Bottger kuvhura zvimwe "vakadzikama" kwadzinoita kugadzirwa, iyo inoshandisa ivhu uye nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka zvakohwewa feldspar. Muzana XVII remakore mhizha Chirungu akaziva kuburikidza kwacho kuti anenge kufanana Chinese porcelain chingawanikwa nokuwedzera kuti musanganiswa nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka milled overheated pfupa.

Uye ipapo Zvakazoitika kuti Chirungu shanduro runoita kuti pave segirazi Ceramics panguva zvikuru yakaderera kutonhora, izvo chaizvo akaderedza mutengo kugadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, porcelain kubva Albion akarwa zviipe, akanga yekudyidzana simba. Saka hazvishamisi kuti British nokukurumidza rakafukidza dzavo nemhando hafu akwegura, uye zvinenge zvose yeNyika Itsva.

Ndezvipi ehupfumi pfupa China? Chekutanga, midziyo yayo vane simba mukuru pamwe yakaderera uremu uye dzakaonda-akavakirirwa. Chechipiri, pane Ceramics mhando iyi hazvigoni kushandiswa makemikari indasitiri uyewo zvinhu zvaisanganisira kwaro yakarongeka, kuti sei pamwe acids uye alkalis.

mbishi zvinhu

Sezvatakamboreva, chikuru zvinoumba ichi zvinhu zviri chaizvo nyore: ivhu, feldspar, zvicherwa rine karusiyamu. Kusvikira ikozvino, makambani siyana vari kukwikwidzana mumwe, sezvo zvakanga nokukurumidza yakasimbiswa kuti zvivako zviri porcelain uye zviumbwa zvinogona zvinoshamisa hwakavandudzika nokuwedzera itsva zvinhu zvayo sezvamunoita. Chokwadi, kana ari kuedza kunoratidza akabudirira.

Kunyange zvazvo Zvinoumba That dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo kugadzirwa, achiri riri kuva girazi (nokudaro kuwana kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa kumeso) chete panguva zvikuru pamatunhu tembiricha. Asi ichi ichokwadi chete vaya zviitiko apo ivhu hauna hwakakanyiwa zvinhu, kuchikumbaridzo pazasi iyo vitrification. Kusiyana girazi, ivhu, zvisinei, zviri thermally kugadzikana, kureva anochengeta chimiro chayo kunyange pasi simba kudziyisa.

Saka zvinhu izvi zvechokwadi rakasiyana nokuti kunoita pamwe kamari porosity girazi kugadzikana uye simba hama nyore zviumbwa. The Mhando chikuru mbishi zvakashandiswa nguva dzose kaolin, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (rine aruminiyamu silicate) uye rinopinza, Goldstone rakasimba mhando, muri zvikuru zvinoriumba chero mhando porcelain. Vari yakarukutika panguva muchidziisa rokusunga zvinhu mune chimwe.

Goldstone - "mwoyo" pakati porcelain

Ichi runovimbisa vakachengeteka. Properties porcelain (uye kushandiswa kwayo) vari kunonyanya kukonzerwa ino chaiyo unhu: nayo anorova dzakaipa (kana zvichienzaniswa girazi), uye vaduku madaro pakati zvacho zvinopa mhepo impermeable zvinhu, mvura nezvimwe yeimwe.

Goldstone ari "Fusion" pamusoro nesilicon uye okisijeni - vaviri zvikuru zvakawanda chinhu goko paNyika. It ane nhatu dzichipfekeka siyana: zvakananga Goldstone (sekristaro), hiakindi (amorphous mhando) uye jecha (zvakavhenganiswa, tsvina hacho). Kazhinji, Goldstone yagara kushandiswa ounyanzvi. Porcelain kunogona vanoumba alumina, steatite, nani kuzivikanwa so "soapstone".

kugadzira muitiro

Mushure yakatsvuka zvinhu anosarudzwa uye kwaiyerwa, ruchapinda kuti kugadzirwa. Chekutanga, yava vakachenesa uye milled kuti yakanaka kwazvo zvikamu zviduku. Zvadaro vose zvakamisa hurongwa yakasananiswa iri kutsvakwa maererano, zvichienderana zvose kugadzirwa ezvinhu uye zvinoitwa okupedzisira zvigadzirwa. Kamwe pakupedzisira kuumbwa, vanogona kuva vakatuma muchoto pakarepo, kana vari pasi rokutanga wokunatswa uye mimwe pfapfaidzo kuri pachimedu rukoko.

Zvechokwadi, mune basa rake sezvo mabasa wokutanga floured rinoonekera. Uye chete pashure kuti yemberi vases, nemikombe, nembiya, mazino korona kuenda muromo mevira. Uye ikozvino tarira danho rimwe nerimwe. Pashure pezvose, kubudirira kwavo kunobva zvivako zviri porcelain uye chikumbiro chacho!

mbishi zvinhu nokugeda

Zvichida ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kushanda, nokuda kunyatsoita ayo Implementation kunoenderana kunaka rokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Kupwanya zvinoitwa huru zvokuimba Drum crushers. On rechipiri vanopfuura, PARTICIPLE saizi iri kumamiriro 0.25 cm. Kuti kutendeutsa feedstock mugomba rakatsetseka, kushandisa, bhora zvigayo. Izvi rakakura simbi sepombi akazara balls simbi. Kana wose mamiriro rotates, yakatsvuka zvinhu zvacho zviri kuchinjwa kuva homogeneous gobvu ndiro dzakarukwa zvakanaka chaizvo pasi.

Rokuchenesa ndokusanganisa

Musanganiswa akanga achipfuura filters akanaka, uye ipapo zvokudya kuti "conveyor" chaiyo, iyo obliquely kurongwa simbi machira. Ivo kuzunguza tsandanyama, zvichiita yakatsvuka zvinhu ndiyo yakavhenganiswa kwete chete zvaitika, asiwo arongwe sezvo nezvimedu kupfuura vari kusundwa kumusoro. Kana uchida mufudze wetted zvinhu ari mutsetse muimba otomatiki nenzira sprayed mvura.

Dzimwe nguva akashandisa filters pamwe magnets a simba, sezvo yokupedzisira zvigoneke kubvisa zviduku netsvina simbi. Last, kana iwe kuwira wapedza zvigadzirwa, udza kwaari vasingadiwi dzvuku mumvuri. The rakapedzwa chigadzirwa anotumwa muchoto, apo ari vachiridzira ipapo isu kare akaratidza tembiricha.

Kubva izvo zvinhu okuwana anogona kuvimba ehupfumi ari chigadzirwa?

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva yokupedzisira vachiridzira inoitika munhu muzvizhinji pamusoro pezvakaitwa, izvo zvakananga novimba ehupfumi kuti chando porcelain. Chekutanga, carbon zvose vakapisa Organic tsvina sasana mvura zvakawandisa kubva mukati eramangwana chigadzirwa kubva siyana gaseous hacho. Kana tembiricha iri wakabudisa kusvika 1100 madhigirii chilis, kuti nesilicon nevamwe kuri pachimedu zvinoriumba haazorambi zvinonyauka saka hazvirevi kuumba pasi zvedongo pamusoro kumeso uye mishonga kwazvakarerekera rukoko.

Uyezve, yeimwe izvi vaifanira kuderedza chinhambwe pakati tudonhwe zvinhu nokuda yakachengeteka chokuita nomumwe. Kana aida arambe achirema zvasvika, chigadzirwa iri dzaserera, kukonzera frosting "zvibvumirano" anova kumeso uye zvikuru vafuke.

zvabuda

Saka nei isu vanorondedzerwa zvose izvi? The ndechokuti ehupfumi izvi zvinhu zviri chaizvo novimba unhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kugadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, simba kunoenderana chikamu zviri mu uremu feldspar, uye China uwandu pores ari isingasviki spar zvakawanda. Sezvo pokufa Goldstone girazi uye vakasara akawana kubva manyowa yevhu fuma, porcelain zvinhu marangwanda kunova simba, uye kuoma inowedzerawo. Zvichienderana Goldstone fineness, kurema nziyo, tembiricha uye paanowedzera vachiridzira, muna vitreous chokutambudzika kunosanganisira kubva 15 kusvika 40% of zvachose uremu akasuma kupinda Goldstone. Chii, kuti wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose porcelain uye "mhepo".

Properties pakati zvedongo zvinhu zvakadai dielectrics inozivikanwa kunyanya ndima kuramba ari Magetsi ari acho uye pamusoro insulator pamusoro. Kusiyanisa akananga vhoriyamu uye pamusoro resistivity kuti porcelain.

Mukuwedzera, zvikuru inoshanda kukosha makemikari ehupfumi ari porcelain. More chaizvo, kushaya kwayo. Glazed Ceramic pamwe kuwedzera yakawanda feldspar uye Goldstone ndiyo mishonga kwazvakarerekera. Unofunga sei dhaka vemishonga uye mishonga kubva ichi zvinhu? Akasimba kwazvo kupfuura girazi, asi haana sei.

Current chinzvimbo

Nhasi, Ceramics (porcelain uye zvikurukuru) iri kusangana kuberekwazve. Zvakaratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zvinogona kushandiswa microelectronics mukugadzira siyana. Kukosha ichi hachisi zvakakodzera kutsanangurira budiriro ano. Vaongorori Vakawanawo kuti porcelain simba kunowedzera nokuwedzera zvimwe yokuvirisa exponentially. Pari kuitwa, kunyange yemhando tsvakurudzo mumunda yokusika iri kwayo nokuda pakubhadhara itsva dzokurwa. Saka hakusi hinifomu zvimbudzi!

Pakupedzisira, zvose zvinokosha kuti mashoko anopinda mushonga. Various prostheses uye kwazvo korona - kudiwa kwavari ari kuwedzera ose gore. Saka kuti rekare Chinese kuvamba ichava refu chaizvo nguva kuramba akakodzera.