Zvinhu zvipenyu: marudzi zvinhu zvipenyu. Species kusiyana rwokuzvarwa zvinhu zvipenyu

Mararamiro - nevakawanda dzinongoitika zvivako, ayo inoumbwa seti zvipenyu uye dzavo nzvimbo. Kudzidza mapoka aya kuti tichiita sayenzi ikoroji.

Shoko rokuti "mararamiro" akazviratidza muna 1935. Use izvozvo akapa Chirungu ecologist A. Arthur Tansley. Natural kana murume-yakaitwa dzinongoitika kunzwisisa umo zvose zvipenyu uye zvisina kunanga zvinoriumba dziri mu hwepedyo pedyo muviri uye kuparadzira simba kuyerera - zvose zvinosanganisirwa mu rokuti "mararamiro". mararamiro mhando panguva imwe chete zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinokosha dzichipfekeka Unit biosphere Sub-rakakamurwa mapoka uye kudzidza kwezvakatipoteredza nesayenzi.

Kupatsanura ne mavambo

On redu pane zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana. Mararamiro mhando dzinoiswa mune imwe nzira. Zvisinei, kusungirira vese kusiyana yose biosphere muzvikamu zvisingabviri. Ndokusaka pane classifications wandei zvipenyu gadziriro. Somuenzaniso, kusiyana mavambo yavo. Ivo:

1. Natural (dzinongoitika) zvinhu zvipenyu. Hunosanganisira zvivako umo riparadzirwe zvinhu rinoitwa pasina kupindira kwevanhu.
2. Man-akaita (anthropogenic) mararamiro. Ivo nevanhu uye zvinogona kuvapo chete kana akatsigira zvakananga.

dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu

Natural zvivako kuripo pasina kupindira kwevanhu, vane womukati kupatsanura yavo. Zvinotevera mhando dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu nemhaka simba:

- vanotoda kutsigirwa rezuva nemwaranzi;

- kuwana simba ravo kwete chete kubva muviri yokudenga, asiwo vamwe dzinongoitika zvinyorwa.

Chokutanga izvi zvinhu zvipenyu vaviri isingabereki. Zvisinei, izvi zvakasikwa hurongwa zvinokosha redu, nokuti pane munzvimbo yakakura uye zvazvinoita paumbwe okunze, munatse Mavhoriyamu huru mhepo, etc.

Natural zvivako kugamuchira simba multiple zvinyorwa ndivo kupfuura zvibereko.

Chakagadzirwa biosphere chikwata

Siyana uye anthropogenic zvinhu zvipenyu. Mararamiro mhando Kuva boka iri zvinosanganisira:

- agro-zvinhu zvipenyu, izvo anovapo mufambiro zvokurima kwevanhu;

- tehnoekosistemy kunobva kukura indasitiri;

- urbanoekosistemy kunobva pakagadzwa nemisha.

Mhando idzi vose mararamiro nevanhu vakasikwa zvakananga Kupinda wemunhu.

A-siyana zvakasikwa zvinoumba ari biosphere

Types uye sezvingatarisirwa kuitika zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana. Uye vanoona kusiyanisa navo pahwaro okunze uye zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu chokuvapo kwavo. Saka, pane mapoka matatu uye nhamba dzakasiyana vezvikwata zviri biosphere.

The Mhando chikuru sezvingatarisirwa kuitika zvinhu zvipenyu:

- pasi;

- Freshwater;

- Maritime.

Pano zvakasikwa hurongwa

Kusiyana pano mararamiro mhando zvinosanganisira:

- Arctic uye Zvikwenzi achinaya mvura;

- coniferous boreal dondo;

- arrays Deciduous unozvidzora mapazi;

- inowanzorimwa;

- nemapani uye Tropical zlakovniki;

- chaparali, ndiye nzvimbo chete pakaoma yechirimo uye kuchinaya dzechando;

- Desert (sezvo nemiti uye herbaceous);

- Semi-miti yakasvibira anofukidza, riri munzvimbo nemwaka raidudzwa yakaoma uye kunyorova;

- achinaya miti yakasvibira mvura masango.

Kuwedzera huru mhando, pane Transitional zvinhu zvipenyu. Izvi musango-achinaya mvura, semidesert, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Zvikonzero nokuvapo akasiyana siyana rwokuzvarwa zvivako

Chii anoiswa pamusoro redu siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu? Mhando rwokuzvarwa mavambo muri zvinhu zvipenyu imwe nharaunda zvichienderana kunonaya uye mhepo tembiricha. Zvinozivikanwa kuti okunze ari siyana dzenyika ine zvinokosha kusiyana. Kana ichi hachisi chete, uye gore negore huwandu kunayisa. Inogona kuva kuwanda kubva 0 kusvika 250 millimeters kana kupfuura. Kana ichi, kunayisa kana noruvara mwaka zvose, kuwa muna huru mubasa zvimwe nyoro nguva. Miscellaneous pamusoro redu, uye Zvichakadaro tembiricha pagore. Inogona kuva netsika kubva kunaka tsika kana kusvika makumi matatu namasere Celsius. Various Verwarming vakawanda nguva dzose. It angabvuma kana vasina Misiyano mugore, akadai panguva neequator, uye ari dzichichinja.

The zvechadenga zvivako

Species kusiyana rokudzora zvinhu zvipenyu, pano boka inoenda kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo nevamwe zvinhu. Saka, muna achinaya mvura, izvo dziri kuchamhembe iri taiga, pane kuchitonhora chaizvo ekunze. Nokuti nzvimbo iyi kunoratidzwa pazasi avhareji tembiricha kuchinja polar masikati nousiku. Summer munzvimbo idzi Rinotora Mavhiki mashomanana. Panyaya iyi, nyika ine nguva nyungudika chiduku mita kudzika. Precipitation ari achinaya mvura kuwa asingasviki 200-300 mm mugore. Nokuda okunze aya, idzi vari zvinomera murombo, anomiririrwa anononoka-kukura lichens, chikwindi nezvinokambaira nemiti kana zvipfupi cranberries uye blueberries. Dzimwe nguva, unogona kuwana zvipfupi Birch.

No siyana wakapfuma uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Iye chinomiririrwa poro, duku burrowing mhuka, uye zvikara zvakadai ermine, gava uye Chidembo. Nyika Shiri chinomiririrwa polar zizi, chando buntings uye plovers. Tupukanana pamusoro achinaya mvura iri ruzhinji - Diptera marudzi. Tundra mararamiro ari zvikuru nyore nokuda murombo nemano apore.

A-siyana siyana boreal dondo, riri nechokuchamhembe mudunhu America uye Eurasia. Nokuti mararamiro ichi kunoratidzwa chando uye refu muchando uye dzakawanda kunayisa muchimiro chando. Nemiti chinomiririrwa miti yakasvibira coniferous arrays, inobereka misipuresi spruce, nemipaini uye larch. The vamiririri mhuka nyika - Stony uye mbira, mabheya uye squirrels, Sable uye wolverine, mhumhi uye yokuSpain, gava uye mink. Taiga kunoratidzwa vakawanda madhamu uye marshes.

Deciduous masango dzinoturwa kutevera mararamiro. Marudzi kwakadai mararamiro inowanikwa kumabvazuva US, East Asia uye Western Europe. Izvi pamwaka Climate vematunhu, apo yechando tembiricha anodonhedza pazasi zero, uye anowira mukati gore 750 kusvika 1500 mm mvura. Nemiti mararamiro ichi chinopiwa nevanhu vakadaro yakafara-leaved miti yakaita Beech, nemiouki, dota uye Linden. Kune nemiti uye simba mishonga rukoko. The fauna of chinomiririrwa nemabheya uye Stony, yokuSpain uye makava, squirrels uye shrews. Rarama mararamiro ichi, mazizi uye woodpeckers, thrushes uye Rukodzi.

Inowanzorimwa vapenyu munyika dzine vari Eurasia uye North America. vazvo vari tussoki mu New Zealand, uyewo pampas South America. Okunze munzvimbo idzi kunoratidzwa seasonality. Muzhizha, mhepo neshungu nokuda inodziya unozvidzora yakakwirira chaizvo tsika. Winter kutonhora kunaka. Mugore, pane pakati 250 uye 750 millimeters ose kunayisa. Nemiti steppes anomirirwa kunyanya nokuda turf rekushongedzesa. Pakati mhuka pane bison uye dzimwe mhuka, iyo saiga uye squirrels, tsuro uye marmots, mapere uye mapere.

Chaparali iri reMediterranean, uyewo California, Georgia, Mexico uye kumaodzanyemba pamhenderekedzo Australia. Izvi nyoro okunze munyika dzine apo mapopoma 500 kusvika 700 millimeters kuti kunonaya mugore. Zvinomera pane nemiti yakabva kune dzimwe vane miti yakasvibira mashizha vanachandagwinyira, zvakadai sechikara pistachio, Laurel uye nevamwe.

Izvi zvipenyu enyika, sezvo savannahs dziri kuEast uye Central Africa, South America uye Australia. Vazhinji vavo rakamiswa mu South India. Izvi mapazi inopisa uye yakaoma okunze, apo mugore chinowa 250 kusvika 750 mm mvura. Zvinomera zviri kunyanya - cereal manyoro, pano chete uye pane Deciduous vamwe zvisingawanzoitiki miti (emichindwe, baobabs uye acacias). Fauna chinomiririrwa embizi antelopes, rhinoceroses uye twiza, ingwe uye shumba, griffins, uye saka .. Vakawanda munzvimbo iyi ropa-yakayamwa tumbuyu akadai ari tsetse nhunzi.

Mumagwenga zvinowanika zvikamu Africa, kuchamhembe Mexico, uye zvichingodaro. D. The ekunze pakaoma, pamwe kunonaya asingasviki 250 mm pagore. Days muna inopisa murenje uye kutonhora nousiku. Zvinomera chinomiririrwa cacti uye sparse nemiti vane zvakawanda mudzi enyika. Pakati mhuka dzinowanzotaurwa squirrels uye inosvetuka, antelopes uye mapere. Izvi mararamiro kuputsika kuri nyore kuparadzwa pasi pokudzora mvura uye mhepo nemvura.

Semi-miti yakasvibira dzinopisa masango Deciduous inowanikwa Central America uye Asia. Munzvimbo idzi, pane zvakafanana mwaka akaoma uye kunyorova. Paavhareji kunonaya - kubva 800 kusvika 1300 mm. Tropical masango inogarwa zhinji mhuka.

Tropical miti yakasvibira mvura masango dzinowanikwa dzakawanda redu. Ikoko vari Central America, kuchamhembe South America, nechepakati uye vokumadokero Equatorial Africa, dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo kuchamhembe-yokumadokero Australia, uyewo pamusoro zvomuPacific uye Indian mumakungwa. The kwoushamwari ekunze munzvimbo idzi havana kusiyana seasonality. kunonaya zhinji akapfuudza panogumira 2500 mm rose gore. ino kunoratidzwa guru siyana kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Huripo zvakasikwa zvivako, sezvinoita mutemo, vasina miganhu zvakajeka. Pakati pavo hazvo kuchinja wongoramba. Hazvina chete nesungano pakati nevanhu pakubhadhara akasiyana zvinhu zvipenyu, asi kunongova chinokosha zvipenyu. Saka, kuchinja mapazi unosanganisira mukuru siyana fauna of uye kasvisto kupfuura yakapoteredza ndima yake.

Water zvakasikwa zvivako

Izvi biosphere zvidzidzo angawanika nemvura yakachena uye makungwa. The boka izvi rokutanga anosanganisira zvinhu zvipenyu akadai:

- Lenthic - gungwa, madziva, nyanza, akamira mvura kureva;

- Lothic nechipiriso nzizi, inamatsime;

- wetlands muchimiro anezvimiti, masango marshy uye kumahombekombe Mafuro.

Mhando zvomumvura zvinhu zvipenyu zvinosanganisira:

- pelogichesky kunzwisisa - pakachena gungwa;

- the yegungwa munharaunda yacho Continental pasherefu ;

- the upwelling nharaunda umo zvibereko hove rinoitwa;

- yakaoma, bays, estuaries inova estuaries;

- kwakadzika-mvura the reef nzvimbo.

MUENZANISO rwokuzvarwa kunzwisisa

Zvipenyu kusiyanisa zvakasiyana-siyana mhando dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvapo neimwe zvinokonzerwa mumwe chete urongwa. Kuti tinzwisise zvikuru kubata vose vapenyu uye vasiri zvipenyu zviri kubatana biosphere, funga rudzi mararamiro ose paMaare. All zvipenyu imhuka uye ane zvakananga kukanganisa makemikari anoumba dzedenga uye ivhu.

Ochadhi - ichi zvakanyatsoenzana hurongwa, rinosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu. Vamwe vavo - makroprodutsenty ndiro herbaceous uswa, anosika Organic zvibereko pano munharaunda. Uyezve, upenyu zvakasikwa zvakaoma tichiregeredza zvipenyu cheni zvokudya. Muriwo, mhuka kana chikuru vatengi kudya uswa uye zvavo zvikamu. Ndivo vamiririri fauna of huru herbivores uye tumbuyu, nemakonzo uye mhando dzakawanda invertebrates (tsindi uye netsuro, hwari uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Primary vatengi vari kudyiwa chesekondari, izvo zvinosanganisira Mbeswa shiri uye mhuka (bumhi, zizi, nezizi, gava, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Next kubatanidza basa decomposers. Pasina pavo hazvibviri kupedza tsanangudzo mararamiro. Mhando dzakawanda notumwe uye utachiona, uye zvinhu izvi vari dzinongoitika kunzwisisa. Decomposers anoora Organic zvigadzirwa kuti chicherwa hurumende. Kana tembiricha zvinhu zvose zvakanaka, kuti chirimwa residues uye mhuka yakafa kukurumidza kuputsa kupinda nyore yeimwe. Vamwe yenhengo izvi zvinosanganisira kwaro sezvamunoita mabhatiri, izvo leached uye kuzodzosera kushandiswa. Itsige chikamu Organic residues (manyowa, cellulose uye zvichingodaro. D.) uchiora zvishoma nezvishoma kudyisa kasvisto.

anthropogenic zvinhu zvipenyu

The apa dzinongoitika zvivako anogona kuvapo pasina kupindira kwevanhu. Zvakasiyana ndiyo nyaya iri zvinhu zvipenyu nevanhu. kwokubatana kwavo kushanda chete zvakananga Kupinda wemunhu. Somuenzaniso, agroecosystem. Mukuru zvimiso ivepo hakusi chete nokushandiswa zuva simba, asiwo chekubuda "subsidy" iri muchimiro mhando peturu.

Part ino zvakafanana yepanyama. Kufanana ne yepanyama kunzwisisa vakachengeta panguva chirimwa kukura kuitika tichiregeredza zuva simba. Zvisinei, kurima hazvibviri pasina ivhu kugadzirira uye yokukohwa. Uye azvaiitwa zvinoda simba dzinopiwa vanhu.

Kuguta rinoreva mararamiro api mhuka? Izvi anthropogenic kunzwisisa umo zvikuru ndiyo mafuta simba. kunwa Its tichienzanisa aibuda chezuva kumusoro zviviri kana katatu. The guta angaenzaniswa yakadzika kana bako zvinhu zvipenyu. Zvechokwadi, kuvapo biogeocenosis izvi zvikuru pakuti risiti nezvinhu uye simba kubva kunze.

Urban zvinhu zvipenyu vavapo somugumisiro enhoroondo muitiro, rinonzi urbanization. Under ake simba, nyika yevanhu vachisiya kumaruwa, asika vakawanda. Zvishoma nezvishoma, guta vachiwedzera kusimbisa basa rayo kukura kwenzanga. Panyaya iyi, nokuti upenyu murume pachake akasika kunzwisisa dzomumaguta hurongwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vamwe maguta nekupatsanurwa yezvakaita mitemo uye iripo dzinongoitika zvivako. System vomumusha anganzi dzomumaguta. Zvisinei, pamwe kukura indasitiri yachinja zvose. To yakaita zvinhu zvipenyu zvinosanganisira guta iri ane ndima mabasa chirimwa kana fekitari? Asi, unogona kunzi maindasitiri uye dzomumaguta. kunzwisisa ichi chine dzinogarwa nzvimbo uye nzvimbo apo dziri zvinhu, kubudisa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Mararamiro guta yakasiyana rukuru dzinongoitika uye, mukuwedzera, siyana chepfu rukova.

Kuitira kuvandudza zvakavapoteredza, murume pave akapoteredza yawo anonzi girini bhandi. Zvinosanganisira ane uswa hwakawanda patsangadzi nemiti, miti uye madziva. Izvi duku kadikidiki dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu zvibereko Organic zvigadzirwa chisingazivi vane basa rinokosha muupenyu guta. Nokuti kuvapo vanhu vanoda zvokudya, peturu, mvura uye magetsi kubva kunze.

The urbanization kwacho yekudyidzana kwakachinja upenyu hwedu nyika. Matambudziko ane artificially akasika munhu gadziriro kune pamwero mukuru achinja hunhu anotonga nzvimbo Earth. In guta rino kwete chete kunokanganisa zvikamu uko pachavo mapurani uye rokuvaka. Zvinokanganisawo yakakura uye kupfuura miganhu yayo. Somuenzaniso, nokuwedzera kwokudiwa zvibereko pehuni indasitiri vanhu kutema masango.

Munguva kushanda guta zvakasiyana-siyana zvinhu mumhepo. Ivo kusvibisa mhepo uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Mumaguta, pamusoro makore uye zvishoma pamushana, zvakawanda bvungapfunga uye pfunha, uye inodziya zvishoma kupfuura yakapoteredza kumaruwa.