Zvicherwa: zita. Mhando zvicherwa (mufananidzo)

Nature rinopa munhu mukana Makomborero zvinoberekwa nayo. Naizvozvo, vanhu vari kurarama takasununguka zvikuru uye vane zvose zvaunoda. Pashure pezvose, mvura, munyu, nesimbi, mafuta, magetsi uye zvakawanda - zvose zvakasikwa takasununguka uye zvadaro mudzoke kunyika zvandinenge chimiro murume.

Izvi zvinoshandawo hunhu zvinhu zvakadai zvicherwa. Izvi vazhinji siyana sekristaro hurongwa chinhu chinokosha mbishi zvinhu nokuda guru chitsama zvakasiyana maindasitiri pezvakaitwa mune zvoupfumi basa vanhu. Naizvozvo, isu funga, chii vari siyana zvicherwa uye kuti kazhinji kumiririra yeimwe izvi.

Zvicherwa: mukuru unhu

Mune kwakajairika musoro mineralogy, okuti "chicherwa" rinoreva yakasimba rinoumbwa zvine maatomu akafanana uye vane uwandu nomumwe physico-namakemikari ehupfumi. Uyezve, akaiumba inofanira chete kuva dzinongoitika nzira, pasi pokudzora siyana dzinongoitika kwendangariro.

Zvicherwa ingangoumbwa ave nyore fuma (zvinokosha) uye kunzwisisa. Nzira inotungamirwa dzavo uyewo zvakasiyana. Pane pezvakaitwa kuti dzinobatsira inotungamirwa yavo:

• igneous;
• hydrothermal;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

aggregates Large zvicherwa, unganidzwa kuva chete hurongwa, akadana matombo. Naizvozvo, kuti kuvhiringidza pfungwa mbiri idzi hazvifaniri kuva. Mining zvicherwa zvikaramba nokupwanywa nayo uye processing yose nezvidimbu pamatombo.

The makemikari anoumba yeimwe vari mubvunzo angava akasiyana uye vanoumba vazhinji zvakasiyana kusvibisa zvinhu. Zvisinei, pane nguva dzose chimwe chinhu kuti chitonge sezvamunoita. Saka zviri mutsindo, uye netsvina havasi vaiona.

The nemamiriro zvicherwa

zvicherwa Structure - crystalline. Pane nzira dzakawanda kwazvo grids kuti rinogona dzaimirirwa:

• cubic;
• hexagonal;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

yeimwe izvi dzinoiswa maererano makemikari anoumba analyte.

Forms zvicherwa

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa zvinotevera kupatsanura, izvo zvinoreva inokosha nemamiriro chicherwa.

1. Native kana nyore zvinhu. Paro zvicherwa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira: goridhe, simbi, carbon muchimiro nedhaimani, marasha, anthracite, sarufa, sirivha, selenium, cobalt, mhangura, Arsenic, bismuth uye vamwe vakawanda.
2. Halides, izvo zvinosanganisira chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Izvi zvicherwa, mienzaniso izvo vanozivikanwa vose: dombo munyu (sodium chloride) kana halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides uye hydroxides. Inoumbwa oxides simbi uye vasiri nesimbi, i.e. vabve vanzwa izvozvo oxygen. In boka iri pane zvicherwa, mazita - chalcedony, corundum (Ruby, nesafiri), magnetite, Goldstone, hematite, rutile, uye nezvimwe kassematit.
4. Nitrates. Mienzaniso: The potassium uye yavaibvisa nitrate.
5. Borat: Manyiminya calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - munyu pamusoro carbonic acid. chicherwa ichi, mazita ndeinotevera: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, reraimu, choko, namatema uye nevamwe.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - munyu vose unoenderana acids izvo zvinoumba siyana hurongwa zvicherwa. Mazita - nepheline, apatite uye nevamwe.
9. Silicates. The munyu pamusoro silicic acid, une boka rine Sio _4. Mienzaniso zvicherwa vakadaro: sebheriri, feldspar, netopasi, Garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, nedhaimani, uye vamwe.

Kuwedzera pamusoro apa kuzvibatanidza mapoka, uyewo vasangana makemikari remubatanidzwa akaita yose dzinongoitika deposits. Somuenzaniso, peat, marasha, urkit, karusiyamu oxalate, simbi uye nevamwe. Uyewo shoma carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Native zvinhu

Ava zvicherwa (mapikicha zvinogona kuonekwa pazasi), ayo inoumbwa nyore zvinhu. Somuenzaniso:

• nendarama muchimiro jecha uye zvinokosha, vara;
• nedhaimani uye graphite - crystalline allotropic nadzurudzo pamusoro kabhoni yekamuri;
• mhangura;
• sirivha;
• simbi;
• sarufa;
• Platinum boka simbi.

Kazhinji izvi zvinhu zvinowanikwa makuru aggregations wakasangana nezvimwe, zvidimbu mabwe uye ores. Production uye kushandiswa kwawo mukati indasitiri kunokosha vanhu. Ivo - hwaro, mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa nezvinhu, kubva vakazochinja yakabereka akasiyana-siyana zvemumba, magadzirirwo, kushongedzwa, midziyo uye zvichingodaro.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

boka iri zvinosanganisira matombo uye zvicherwa, izvo kazhinji exogenous mavambo, kuti rinowanikwa dzokunze akaturikidzana kuti goko paNyika. Inside vari akaumba chete phosphates. Munyu pamusoro phosphorous, Arsenic uye vanadium asidhi zvamazvirokwazvo chaizvo chaizvo. Zvisinei, kana tiri funga guru mufananidzo, zvinonyatsorehwa chikamu kwavo duku kuhukura kugutsikana.

Kune akawanda crystals Inonyanya kuti muri boka iri:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Sezvatotaurwa, zvicherwa izvi zvinoumba matombo zvikuru chaizvo kukura.

Oxides uye hydroxides

In boka iri rinosanganisira zvose chicherwa oxides, uye nyore uye kunzwisisa izvo kuumbwa kuti nesimbi, vasiri nesimbi, intermetallic yeimwe, uye iitike zvinhu. The zvachose chikamu izvi zvinhu zviri goko - 5%. The chete Kunze chokuita silicates, kwete boka pasi kukurukurwa, - a nesilicon oxide Sio ₂ ose akasiyana-siyana ayo.

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa mienzaniso yakawanda zvicherwa dzakadaro, asi kureva rakajairika:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Madota.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (Ruby, nesafiri).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

Kirasi ichi zvicherwa zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro hombe siyana zvakakwana wevamiriri, iyo vane yakakosha inoshanda kukosha vanhu. Saka, pane zvinotevera Sub-zvidzidzo kana mapoka:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• mushaba zvicherwa;
• bastnesite.

kirasi imwe neimwe zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro kubva mashoma makumi Representatives. Pane anenge zana siyana chicherwa carbonates. Vakawanda vavo:

• machena;
• reraimu;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• magnesite;
• carbonate nevamwe.

Vamwe vanokosheswa nevakawanda zvikuru uye anokosha chivakwa zvinhu, apo vamwe inoshandiswa kugadzira zvishongo, uye vamwe vari kushandiswa unyanzvi. Zvisinei, zvose zvinokosha, uye kugadzirwa wavo ari chaizvo.

silicates

Wekumusoro-siyana mune kwokunze siyana uye uwandu vamiririri boka zvicherwa. kushanduka kwakadaro nokuti chokuti nesilicon maatomu akashandurwa namakemikari ravo yakarongeka, vanokwanisa unobatanidza kuti akasiyana siyana zvivako, ekufambisa kumativi pacharo wandei okisijeni maatomu. Saka, anogona kuumba zvinotevera marudzi zvivako:

• chitsuwa;
• cheni;
• tepi;
• bepa.

zvicherwa izvi, mufananidzo zvinogona kuonekwa munyaya, anozivikanwa wose. Kanenge vamwe vavo. Pashure pezvose, yakadai seiyi dzinosanganisira:

• netopasi;
• magirinedhi;
• kirisopirasi *;
• zvizununguke rekristaro;
• hiakindi;
• chalcedony uye nevamwe.

Ivo zvinoshandiswa zvishongo kukosheswa sezvo yakasimba magadzirirwo kushandiswa muna unyanzvi.

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa muenzaniso zvicherwa, vane mazita asina aizivikanwa vanhuwo zvavo, vasina ukama mineralogy, asi zvisinei vari zvikuru muna indasitiri:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Beryl.