Zvemutauro - ndicho ... Main zvikamu zvemutauro

Zvemutauro - sayenzi mutauro, kuridzidza, uye kunzwisisa (sezvo nehurongwa), uye vamwe zvivako ayo uye unhu: mavambo uye nhoroondo kare, unhu uye dzichipfekeka features, uyewo mitemo mukuru marongerwo uye guru kwemitauro zvose munyika.

Zvemutauro somunhu Sayenzi mutauro

The chikuru chinhu kudzidza ichi sainzi - chaivo mutauro wevanhu, pezvawakaita uye zvazviri, uye pasi - mamiriro okunze, kushanda, kushandura mitauro uye nzira dzavo pakudzidza.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvino zvemutauro rinoshandisa zvaikosha yokungotaura uye empirical hwaro, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvemutauro - ari sayenzi mudiki (mu Russian - pamwe XVIII - nach.XIX remakore). Kunyange zvakadaro, ane vamutangira vane maonero dzinonakidza - muropa kudzidza mutauro, vazivi vakawanda uye grammarians, saka mabasa avo chinofadza uye kufunga (semuenzaniso, vazivi vekare Greece, Voltaire uye Diderot).

terminological digression

Shoko "zvemutauro" harina kwagara undisputed nokuda zita National mitauro nesayenzi. Zvakafanana nhamba yematemu "zvemutauro - zvemutauro - zvemutauro" rine yayo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro uye nhoroondo zvinhu.

Pakutanga, vasati yaifamba 1917, mune zvesayenzi chimurenga zvakanga zvakakurumbira izwi zvemutauro. Munguva Soviet, akanga akatonga zvemutauro (semuenzaniso, kukoreji makosi uye Tutorials maro vakatanga kunzi "Mhinzo zvemutauro") uye ayo "non-dzakafuridzirwa" nzira akawana semantics itsva. Saka, zvemutauro rinoreva pre-echimurenga tsika chesayenzi, uye zvemutauro dzinotaura pfungwa dzokuMadokero uye unyanzvi, akadai structuralism. Sezvo TV Shmelev munyaya "Memory rokuti: zvemutauro, Language, zvemutauro" ari kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro kupikisana wemitauro Russian asina kugadzirisa kusvikira ikozvino, nekuti kune wakaoma grading, mitemo kugarisana uye risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi (zvemutauro → mitauro → mitauro) uye tsika akudziridze zvinoreva izwi zvemutauro ( kudzidza mutauro wokumwe). Nokudaro, muongorori rinofananidza mazita mitauro anoranga zviri kuitika mureza chesekondari, mazita madhipatimendi, mabhuku, "mira kunze" zvikamu zvemutauro mu zvezvaidzidziswa "Mhinzo zvemutauro" uye "General zvemutauro"; Weboka Ras 'Institute wemitauro "inonzi" Mibvunzo wemitauro ", bhuku" Essays mu zvemutauro "; Department wemitauro Intercultural Communication, "Computational zvemutauro", magazini "New mu zvemutauro ..."

The chikuru zvikamu zvemutauro: neimwewo muchidimbu

Sayenzi mutauro "hwatsvuka" riri anoranga zhinji, chinonyanya kukosha izvo zvinotevera huru dzine wemitauro, vose zvavo uye kunyanya yokungotaura uye zvinoshanda, rairatidza uye nhoroondo.

Uyewo, mitauro anoranga dzikarongwa pachishandiswa mabasa avo uye inobva chinhu kuferefeta. Saka, rakagara richidudzirwa akakamurwa zvinotevera chikuru wemitauro:

• zvikamu vakazvipira kuti kudzidza womukati nemamiriro mutauro ezvinhu, ayo kwevari sangano (semuenzaniso, Morphology nemarongerwo);
• zvikamu kuti kurondedzera rinomutsa nhau kukura mutauro zvavo uye paumbwe wacho siyana (enhoroondo phonetics, nhoroondo girama);
• Forums, The dzichipfekeka chatingatevedzera mutauro wayo basa revanhukadzi (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• Forums kudzidza matambudziko akaoma ari pamuganhu sayenzi siyana uye anoranga (psycholinguistics, computational zvemutauro);
• Zvakarurama anoranga kugadzirisa inoshanda matambudziko wakabvunzwa vezvesayenzi zvemutauro (lexicography, palaeography).

General private uye zvemutauro

The weboka sayenzi mutauro pamusoro vakawanda uye unyanzvi hwakasiyana munda inoratidza sei vavariro zvido kwesayenzi Vatsvakurudzi pose.

Mibvunzo nesayenzi inonyanya kukosha kuti anoongorora vakawanda zvemutauro ndiwo:

• musimboti mutauro, chakavanzika chacho mavambo uye mitemo chenhau kukura;
• mitemo inokosha mano uye mashandiro anoita mutauro munyika sezvo nenzanga vanhu;
• nhamba yacho Mapato ose "mutauro" uye "kufunga", "mutauro", "chinangwa chokwadi";
• chidzoke uye kuvandudzika chetsamba;
• mutauro typology, sechivako mutauro wavo zvese, kushanda uye nhoroondo pave zvivakamutauro makirasi uye mhando;
• kupatsanura mitauro yose munyika, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha matambudziko dzakawanda, izvo anoedza kugadzirisa mukuru zvemutauro - ndiye chisikwa uye kushandisa nzira itsva yokukurukurirana pakati vanhu (chakagadzirwa dzakawanda mitauro). Kukura mirayiridzo iyi - kuchikosheswa interlinguistics.

Wenharaunda yaitongwa hwevatambi zvemutauro kudzidza marongerwo, kushanda uye nhoroondo kukura imwe mutauro (Russian, Czech, Chinese), vanoverengeka yoga mitauro kana mhuri yose mumitauro kufanana panguva (somuenzaniso, chete muchiLatin - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese uye nevamwe vakawanda) . Private zvemutauro anoshandisa synchronous nzira (aka - rairatidza) kana shinichiroinaba (nhoroondo) kudzidza.

General zvemutauro chokuita voga chinhu yokungotaura uye methodological hwaro pakudzidza matambudziko chero dzesayenzi chokuita nokudzidza mamiriro chokwadi uye pezvakaitwa neimwe mutauro. Uyewo, private zvemutauro - kurangwa kuti rinopa mukuru zvemutauro, empirical data, kwakavakirwa kuongorora zvinogona kuita yokungotaura mhedziso.

External uye zvemukati zvemutauro

The umhare ano Sayenzi mutauro dzinomirira mbiri mamiriro - Ndivo munzvimbo huru wemitauro, mikrolingvistika (kana zvemukati zvemutauro) uye ekstralingvistika (kwokunze zvemutauro).

Mikrolingvistika rinotarisa mukati ezvinhu mutauro - inzwi, morphological, syntactic uye nemashoko tiers.

Ekstralingvistika inotiratidza guru-siyana mutauro nekuita: pamwechete munharaunda, kufunga kwevanhu, kukurukura, mupfungwa, aesthetic uye zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu. At chawo vanoberekwa nzira contrastive kuongorora uye interdisciplinary zvidzidzo (mupfungwa, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, tsika zvemutauro, etc.).

Synchronic (anorondedzera) uye shinichiroinaba (nhoroondo) zvemutauro

Nokure tsvakurudzo anotsanangura zvemutauro rinoreva mutauro wehurumende kana ayo vakaparadzana zvese, chokwadi uye mananara avo ezvinhu panguva iyoyo chinguva, mumwe dariro okukura. Kazhinji kuteerera mamiriro, zvakawanda Kashoma - pamusoro mamiriro yapfuura nguva (somuenzaniso, mutauro yaMakoronike Russian pamusoro XIII remakore).

Historical zvemutauro anobata pakudzidza siyana mitauro chokwadi uye mananara achirifananidza emuchina dzavo uye shanduka. Vaongorori vane chinangwa yokugadziridza kuchinja kuitika mune mitauro akadzidza (somuenzaniso, nokuenzanisa simba rinomutsa ari mabhuku dzemunharaunda mutauro wokuRussia muna XVII, XIX uye XX emakore).

tsananguro mitauro mutauro mumatunhu

Zvemutauro inodzidza mananara chokuita siyana tiers ose vakawanda mutauro hurongwa. Accepted anopa zvinotevera mutauro yomuropa: phonemic, lexical-kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro, morphological, syntactic. Under izvi siyana anotevera zvikuru zvikamu zvemutauro.

On the phonemic mutauro pamwero akabatanidza sayenzi zvinotevera:

• Phonetics (rinotsanangura siyana kutaura rinonzwika mumutauro, nekunyatsotsanangura wavo uye acoustic unhu);
• phonology (kudzidza phoneme sezvo duku chairema pakutaura, ayo phonological maitiro uye kushanda);
• morphophonology (tichifunga phonemic maumbirwo morphemes, Qualitative uye quantitative kuchinja dzakafanana phonemes ari morphemes, variability dzavo, anorasira mitemo pamusoro kugarisana kuti morpheme miganhu).

The lexical pamwero mutauro anotevera zvikamu kuongorora:

• Lexicology (kudzidza shoko sezvo inokosha chairema mutauro uye yose shoko sezvo mitauro wakapfuma, rinoongorora STRUCTURAL zviri mutauro, ayo kukura uye kukura, manyuko replenishment ari mashoko mutauro);
• semasiology (chinoongorora lexical zvinoreva shoko, asi kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro enzanirana mashoko uye pfungwa varehwa navo kana vakati kuramba, Fani kuti vavariro chokwadi);
• onomasiology (kufunga nhau chokuita dambudziko muchikwata mumutauro, pamwe yokuronga patsva zvinhu zvenyika panguva hwekudzidza).

Morphological pamwero mutauro yokudzidza nyaya inotevera:

• Morphology (shoko rinotsanangura STRUCTURAL dzakabatana, zvachose morphemic Zvinoumba mashoko uye inzwi nezvimiro, zvikamu kutaura, avo maitiro, mweya uye nhungamiro kusarudzwa);
• Shoko inotungamirwa (zvidzidzo kuvaka mashoko, ayo kwadzinoita kubereka, Nguva yechivako chacho uye paumbwe mashoko uye kunyanya ayo kuita mumutauro uye kutaura).

Syntactic pamwero rinotsanangura nemarongerwo (ichitsvaka zvishande hurongwa uye pezvakaitwa recheporozhdeniya: zvigadziriswe kuti tichibatanidza mashoko ari kunzwisisa Zvivako mitsara uye mitsetse, mhando STRUCTURAL ukama mashoko uye mitsara, mitauro pezvakaitwa iyo kutaura kunoitika inotungamirwa).

Contrastive uye typological zvemutauro

Okufananidza zvemutauro unotaura hurongwa nzira kuenzanisa mudziyo kuti mitauro dzinenge mbiri kana kupfuura, zvisinei kwavo magene ukama. Pane anogona kuenzaniswa uye vamwe kwawakabva kukura mumwe mutauro iwoyo - somuenzaniso, gadziriro nyaya harinzwi mutauro ano Russian uye mutauro wedu nguva Ancient Rus.

Typological zvemutauro inoona marongerwo uye basa raznostrukturnyh mitauro "isingachinji" divi (panhronichesky chinoumba). Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuziva zvakafanana (yezvisikwa) ine runozivisa mutauro wevanhu vakawanda.

mitauro universals

General zvemutauro zvavo tsvakurudzo rinoburitsa mutauro yezvisikwa - mutauro mapatani zvinozivikanwa mumitauro yose munyika (Mhedziso universals) kana rinokosha mitauro (Statistical universals).

Chaicho universals akataura zvinotevera zviri:

• Nokuti mumitauro yose dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza mavhawero uye kumisa emakonzonendi zvinoita.
• Inzwi Rwizi rakakamurwa mabhii, izvo hazvo nhengo pa ruzha hurongwa "nzvanyira + nzvanyira."
• emazita kwakakodzera uye zvisazitasingwi inowanika chero mutauro.
• Nokuti zvivakamutauro hurongwa mutauro hunhu emazita uye verbs.
• mutauro mumwe ane iine mashoko kubudisa dzevanhu manzwiro, manzwiro kana mirayiro.
• Kana mutauro ane chikamu nyaya kana mhando, zvino ndizvo hazvo chipo uye muchikwata nhamba.
• Kana pazita mumutauro vaipikisa parutivi hunhu, ndiye anogona kuonekwa okuyerera zvisazitasingwi.
• vanhu vose vari panyika kuti pfungwa dzake nechinangwa kukurukurirana pfungwa.
• Coordinative chisungo uye mibatanidzwa varipo mumitauro yose panyika.
• mutauro Chero munyika ine kuenzaniswa zvakagadzirwa, phraseological mashoko, madimikira.
• kunorambidzwa Universal uye zviratidzo zuva nomwedzi.

For Statistical universals zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvaakacherechedza:

• Mumitauro yakawanda zvenyika zvinenge zviviri zvakasiyana nzvanyira machemero (Kusara - mutauro Australian Arunta).
• In dzakawanda munyika mitauro zvisazitasingwi dzinosiyana nhamba kuti haasi asingasviki maviri (zvagara - vagere pachitsuwa mutauro Java).
• Anenge mitauro yose vane nasal consonants (Kunze - mimwe mitauro West Africa).

Zvakarurama zvemutauro

Chikamu ichi inotaura sayenzi mutauro kukura zvakananga kugadzirisa matambudziko chokuita mutauro netsika:

• uvandudze kuti methodological zvishandiso kudzidzisa mutauro sezvo rurimi amai sezvo mutauro wokumwe;
• pakasikwa okuzvibatsira, reference, dzidzo uye kushandiswa maduramazwi, ndikarangarira pamwero yakasiyana-siyana uye nzendo kudzidzisa;
• kudzidzisa unyanzvi kutaura uye kunyora zvakanaka, zvakarurama, zvakajeka uye zvinogutsa (zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe);
• kukwanisa kufamba kuti mutauro mitemo, ugone chiperengo (kutaura, orthoepy, chiperengo uye nyora);
• kuvandudza chiperengo, arufabheti, achinyora kuti pave sanyorwa mitauro (somuenzaniso, nokuti munhu mitauro Vanhu USSR muna 1930-1940-ies.), kusikwa tsamba nemabhuku mapofu;
• Kurovedza ari shorthand uye mururimi;
• mukusika mazwi mitemo (GOST);
• Kugadzirwa unyanzvi eshanduro, kusikwa ambodzidza uye mitauro mumaduramazwi siyana;
• Development of zvoga muchina rokushandura tsika;
• nokuumba makombiyuta inzwi Kuzivikanwa hurongwa exchange mashoko munzvimbo vataipa chinyorwa (ouinjiniya kana computational zvemutauro);
• paumbwe anoshongwa wenyaya, hypertext, zvemagetsi Databases uye mumaduramazwi, uye kugadzira nzira ongororo uye kubudiswa (British National Corpus, BNC, Russian National Corpus);
• nzira kukura, copywriting, okushambadza uye voruzhinji ukama, etc.