Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
Zvaakazoita: mienzaniso uye mutoo
Exchange maitiro, kuzvitsinhanisa, yeimwe manyowa dzinokurukurwa kosi hweutungamiri. We ongorora zvinoitwa nomumwe mhando varipo mienzaniso mukukurukurirana.
The tsananguro
Chii zvakaitwa remubatanidzwa mienzaniso iri nemasangano rokudzidzisa anonzi danho nokudzidziswa rokutanga? Chokutanga, tinoona kuti mashoko okuti "makemikari maitiro" iri kemisitiri ichaongororwa wechipiri chinokosha.
Munyika yedu, kubatana zvakaitwa inoitika miniti ose, izvo equations vakajaira kwatiri, asi isu tiri vavo kunyange kufunga.
Somuenzaniso, kugadzirwa carbonated zvinodhaka, asi combustion kuti huni - mifananidzo mienzaniso mukomboni siyana.
Izvi zvinosanganisira kuwana zvigadzirwa neumwe Qualitative uye quantitative Kuronga kutanga makemikari.
Zviratidzo nemakemikari
Chero muitiro, kusanganisira makemikari maitiro mukomboni pamwe zvimwe zviratidzo:
- akabuda chiedza kana nokupisa;
- kuchinja ruvara chemhinduro;
- pakusarudza munhu gaseous pfuma;
- chitarisiko yaingowanikwa munhuhwi;
- kuparadzwa kana kunayisa.
Zvaakazoita Conditions
Zvichienderana zvechadenga Qualitative uye quantitative Kuronga makemikari nemapinduriro anogona munobuda panguva ezvinhu akasiyana.
Somuenzaniso, kubata mhando 2CA + O 2 = 2CaO (quicklime) unobuda pasina kudziyisa, zvichiteverwa kusunungurwa wandei kupisa simba.
Sei maitiro chikamu maererano? Equations pezvakaitwa dzakadaro inosanganisira kunyora rworuboshwe yokutanga zvinhu, uye kurutivi rworudyi rinoumbwa nemapinduriro chigadzirwa.
4Na + Haiwa 2 = 2Na 2 O
pezvakaitwa akadaro kuri kuti makemikari zvinhu. Saka Qualitative kupindura unsaturation (kuvapo vakawanda zvisungo) ndiyo pokutangira yokunyorera oxidation maitiro potassium permanganate.
The combustion huni
Izvi zvinotora nzvimbo maererano mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:
C + O 2 = CO 2
Ichi randinenge maitiro remubatanidzwa mienzaniso izvo hwatoitwa kumusoro. Chii ndiwo izvi? By kuita huni pamwe neoxygen iri mumhepo, paumbwe carbon dioxide inobvisa mamorekuru. The muitiro achabatsirwa nokuumbwa mamorekuru itsva kunzwisisa yokukurukurirana kubatana chinhu exothermic kuita.
Anogona kubatana pakati kunzwisisa zvinhu sei? Mienzaniso nekuita nyore zvinhu zvataurwa pamusoro apa, asi kwakadai hunhu dzakaoma zvinhu. A chaiwo pachake nekuita izvi zvinogona ave slaking zvakaitwa.
Cao + H2O = Ca (OH) 2
Izvi zvakare pamwe chinokosha uwandu chafariz simba. Pakati dzakananga zviri iyi, tinoona spontaneity ake.
kupatsanura
Sezvamunoita kuna kutanga zvinhu uye zvakaitwa zvibereko yeimwe akasunungura kuita, manyowa, kuzvitsinhanisa exchange. Funga mienzaniso yaro, pamwe tsanangudzo pezvakaitwa dzakadaro.
Kuzvitsinhanisa pamusoro - yokutsiva chikamu maatomu nyore fuma yakaoma akakura.
Connection - inofanira kusanganisa akawanda nyore kana kunzwisisa zvinhu kupinda mumwe dzakaoma. Mienzaniso azvaiitwa zvinogona kubva inorganic uye makemikari kemisitiri.
2h 2 + Haiwa 2 = 2h 2 O
Izvi kunoitika pamwe pakabudiswa wandei kupisa, saka kuputika zvinogoneka.
C 2 H 4 + H 2 = C 2 H 6
On achipfuura ethylene kuburikidza hydrogen, pane atsamwira pakati kaviri chisungo, paumbwe muganhu (nomuti) yeHydrocarbon.
Manyowa - ndivo siyana namakemikari kuti kugadzirazve zvinhu kuva nyore Qualitative uye quantitative Zvinoumba kunzwisisa akakura.
Zvinoitika Ion rate uye - aya pezvakaitwa kuitika zvakaoma pakati zvinhu kuti kuchaguma kupanana constituent zvikamu.
Kune zvitatu nokuyerera mamiriro acho: gasi shanduka, kwemvura, inotungamirwa malodissotsiiruemogo fuma.
Uku kuita inonzi esterification, sezvo yokupedzisira maitiro chigadzirwa chiri Esteri. Process mamiriro ari mberi mirayiridzo iri kuunzwa muimba maitiro musanganiswa kuramba sulfuric acid.
Weboka mamiriro aggregation kuti kuwadzana zvinhu
Vose makemikari pezvakaitwa dzinoiswa pachishandiswa pamusoro homogeneous uye heterogeneous interoperability. In aimbova Kana kutanga zvinhu uye maitiro zvigadzirwa vari mumamiriro aggregation, uye akabvumira kuti heterogeneous kwemarudzi akasiyana ezvinhu.
Somuenzaniso, homogeneous muitiro achava zvinotevera maitiro:
H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) = 2HCl (gasi)
Sezvo heterogeneous zvinogona funga muenzaniso:
Cao (TV) + H 2 O (g) = Ca (OH) 2 (aq)
Kubva Kuchinja oxidation mamiriro
Zvinoita remubatanidzwa ane inonyatsoita wakapiwa pamusoro (mvura inotungamirwa kubva nyore zvinhu) chinhu redox kwacho. Musimboti kwacho iri chokwadi kuti pane kubvuma uye kudzoka maerekitironi.
Pakati yeimwe pakati siyana pane pezvakaitwa zvisina achiperekedzwa nokuchinja oxidation mamiriro, i.e. havasi OVR:
Cao + H2O = Ca (OH) 2
By yezvakaita kuerera
Zvichienderana nokuti kwacho kunogona mberi mune mberi mirayiridzo kana kuti kuita kunoitika negwara, mu kemisitiri dzoga kusingarapiki uye reversible kudyidzana.
Somuenzaniso, Qualitative maitiro ari Organic yeimwe riri kusingarapiki, sezvo inotungamirira kuti paumbwe insoluble kana gaseous fuma. Muenzaniso wakadaro maitiro ndiwo kukurukurirana chatingatevedzera "girazi sirivha", inova nzira Qualitative dzokuziva mune musanganiswa aldehydes.
Zvimwe muenzaniso embodiments ose reversible siyana zvinogona mberi muna wezvikamu zviviri wakatarisana mirayiridzo, ona esterification maitiro:
CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3
On kushandiswa anowedzera
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, imwe akisarareta (tiwedzere) rinofanira kushandiswa kuitira kuti vaende nemakemikari muitiro. Muenzaniso kubata pamusoro CATALYTIC manyowa muitiro rehydrogen peroxide.
Features parsing OVR
Pakati nyaya kazhinji kukonzera zvinetso vana kuchikoro ndiko placement kuti coefficients ari maitiro achishandisa wemagetsi nepakati nzira. Chokutanga, pane vamwe mitemo maererano dzatinogona kuona ukuru oxidation ari munhu zvinhu nerimwe fuma.
Pasinei nyore kana kunzwisisa fuma kubatwa, mari yayo ichava razero.
Chinotevera ndechokuti kusarudza munhu makemikoro kana zvinhu kuti zvakachinja kukosha ukuru oxidation. Ivo vari pauri choga, kuratidza zviratidzo "pamwe" kana "kubvisa" uwandu vakagamuchira kana kupa maerekitironi.
Between nhamba idzi zviduku nhamba, iyo kana yakakamurwa nokuwanda maerekitironi vakagamuchira, uye vachikanda ichagadzirirwa integers.
nhamba ava stereochemical coefficients, anoronga mu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuitwa urongwa. An Danho rinokosha parsing ari redox maitiro ari kuona chinhu oxidant uye reductant, uye kurekodha kwemasayendisiti. Sezvo kuderedza mumiririri anosarudzwa maatomu avo kana ions, izvo mukufamba kwaro nekuita yakawedzera mwero oxidation, ari oxidant, kusiyana, zvinoderedza ari mamirire parameter.
Zvinoratidza Ane algorithm ichi, vamwe kuchinja Organic Chemistry? Zvinoita remubatanidzwa kuzvitsinhanisa manyowa aibuda kuchinja oxidation rinoti, runoonekwa yakafanana algorithm.
Pane zvimwe muurongwa pakati inosiyana oxidation pakati Organic yeimwe, asi mari yavo inofanira kuva razero.
Zvichienderana sei anochinja oxidation, kudoma marudzi anoverengeka nemakemikari:
- disproportionation - nokuda nokuchinja oxidation inoti mumwe uye ichocho ari makuru nemaduku divi;
- kontrproportsionirovanie - kunosanganisira kuita kuti kuderedza mumiririri uye oxidizing mumiririri, umo akafanana chiratidzo ichocho, asi panguva yakasiyana oxidation mumatunhu.
mhedziso
Somunhu mhedziso duku, tinoona kuti nesungano pakati zvinhu chete kuitika wavo anoshandura, transformations. Makemikari kuita kutendeuka mumwe kana kupfuura reactants inogadzirwa vane akasiyana Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita.
Kana zvenyukireya transformations vakachengeta shanduko murwiyo mabhomba nuclei, panyaya nemakemikari kuti kwete chete pane redistribution pamusoro nuclei uye maerekitironi, zvichiita kuti chitarisiko yeimwe matsva.
The pezvakaitwa angaperekedzwa nokubudiswa chiedza, kudziya, panowanikwa kwakanaka, kwemvura, inotungamirwa gaseous zvinhu.
Kune nzira dzakawanda kuti kupatsanura pakati Organic uye inorganic aiita pamusoro siyana chikonzero. Pakati rakajairika kuti kuchinja uku kunogona kutaurwa oxidation, aggregation mamiriro, ari reversibility ari kuerera, kuti mashandiro acho, kushandiswa nokuva gombedzero (inhibitor).
Nemakemikari ndivo hwaro kwete maindasitiri kugadzira, asiwo nheyo upenyu. Pasina metabolic pezvakaitwa kuti atore nzvimbo zvipenyu vane kuvapo zvaisazobvira.
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