Zirconium: kubudiswa muRussia

Zirconium mumutambo wayo wepakutanga ndeyesirivha-yakachena, inoratidzirwa nemhando dzakadai sekudzivirira kurara uye plastiki. Muzvisikwa, zvakajairika, asi panguva imwechete yakapararira kwazvo. Makirasi makuru ayo haana kuwanikwa kusvika ikozvino. Vanhu vakatanga kudzidza pamusoro pekuvapo kweiyo simbi muna 1789. Ipapo chemistri M. Klaprot akaerekana awana wake oxyide panguva yekutsvaga kwezircon mineral. Mune chimiro chakanaka, iyi simbi yakawanikwa muna 1925 chete. Munyika yemazuva ano, zirconium, iyo inogadzirwa zvikuru iyo inoshandiswa, inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemabhizimisi. Ichokwadi kuti mishonga yepamhizha yakawanda inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwayo.

Gwaro rinotsanangurwa

Zvinhu zvisingawanzozivikanwa ndezvipi zvinonyanya kugadziriswa nehuwandu hwemabhizimisi esimbi isingawanzoiti, yakadai sezirconium. Kubudiswa kwayo kunobatsira pfuma yepasi nekuda kwe:

1. High degree yemakemikari kushorwa. Hydrochloric acid pamusoro peiyo simbi inobvisa zvachose chisarudzo, uye ne sulfuric iyo inopinda chete pamusana wayo uri pasi pe 50% uye kutonhora kupfuura +100 degrees.

2. Iko kukwanisa kupisa mumhepo uye pasina utsi. Kuzvidzivirira zirconium (yakaparadzirwa zvakapararira) inogona kutotanga kuchitonhora che 250 ° C.

3. Biological inertia. Zirconium haina zvachose inokuvadza pamuviri womunhu kana mhuka. Kubatsirwa, kupesana nekutenda kwakakurumbira, iye, zvinosuruvarisa, uye hakuna munhu anogona kuuya.

Chinonyanya kudiwa mumhizha haisi yega chaiyo simbi pachayo, asi inhengo yayo. Iyo zircon mineral, somuenzaniso, inoratidzwa nehutete hwakanyanya kwazvo uye inofadza diamond gloss. Saka, dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa sechinhu chinodhura chinotsiva madhayamondi. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura zircon yakashandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma muzvishongo. Parizvino, kunyengedzwa madhayamondi kunowanzoitwa ne cubic zirconia (cubic zirconia).

Kwandinofanira kushandisa

Kubudiswa kwezirconium panguva ino ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemabhizimisi emetallurgic. Kunyange zvazvo inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi hwenyika (somuenzaniso, nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvezvokurapa kana zvigadzirwa zvepyrotechnic), inowanzoshandiswa mumvura-yakanatswa simba rinogadzirisa pamagetsi emagetsi enyukireya.

Zvinhu zvakakura zvekugadzira

Chikamu chiduku chezirconium muhutumburu hwepasi nekuda kwekusavapo-pfungwa, nhamo, zvisati zvasimbiswa. Maererano nevasayendisiti, inogona kuva 170-250 gramu pamatani. Chaizvoizvo, iyo minerals chaiyo yezirconi muzvisikwa kune zvakawanda. Panguva ino, masayendisiti anoziva nezvemakumi mana emarudzi avo. Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho chete zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zirconium:

• Baddeleyite;

• Eudialyte;

• Zirconia.

Dhaka huru dzezironi panyika, sezvatotaurwa, hazvipo. MuRussia mune zvishoma zviduku zviduku zvemaminerari akafanana. Izvo zvinoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seU.S., India, Brazil neAustralia. Maminerari akazara ezvose anoshandiswa kubudisa zirconium, zvechokwadi, zircon (ZrSiO4). Muzviitiko zvakawanda mumasikirwo inofambidzana ne hafnium.

Zirconium muRussia: zvikamu

MuRussia Federation, iyo chete yega inobereka ichi chitsvuku panguva ino ndiyo Chepetsky Mechanical Plant, iri muGlazov (Udmurtia). Zvitoro zvayo zvokutanga zvakavakwa pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Pakazosvika 1942 chimiro chakanga chakasvika pakuzara kwayo kukwanisa. Panguva iyoyo, makiragiji akabudiswa pano zvikuru. Muna 1946, basa racho rakadzorerwa mufekitari yekugadzirwa kwesimbi yeranium. Gare gare (muna 1957) zirconium, uye zvakare kuongorora masimbi, calcium uye titanium zvakatanga kubudiswa pano. Nhasi basa iri chikamu cheTVEL Corporation, mumwe wevatungamiri vemunyika mukugadzirwa kwemafuta enyukireya. Kushambadzira mukugadzirwa kwezirconium paCME kubva kuTVEL gore negore kunosvika mabhiriyoni eRubles. Nhasi basa iri rinopa zirconium kumisika yepamusha uye yepasi:

• Ingots;

• Rods;

• Pipes;

• Wire;

• Sheets;

• Zvishandiso zveTVS uye TVEL.

Uyewo paChepetsk Mechanical Plant, zviyeuchidzo zvakagadzirwa nesimbi inoitwa.

Kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye kugadzirisa kwe-acidic solutions

Zirconium, iyo yakagadzirwa iyo inyanzvi yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, simbi inodhura. Kugadzira kunotanga nekuchenesa, kununurwa kubva pamabhadharo, minda. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinowanzosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvandudza nehuwandu hwekuita;

• Kunatswa kweiyo yakagadziriswa nekugadzirisa magetsi uye maginiti kuparadzana;

• Kuparara kweiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nekukanda, kusanganiswa ne caustic soda kana fluorosilicate potassium, kutengesa nesimbi;

• Kudzidzisa nemvura kuti abvise silicon makemikari;

• Kuparara kwevakasara ne sulfuric kana hydrochloric acid kubudisa sulphate kana oxychloride.

Iyo fluorosilicate spectrum inobatwa neacidified mvura ine kupisa. Mushure mekukonzera mhinduro yakaguma, potassium fluorozirconate inosunungurwa.

Connections

Chikamu chinotevera mukugadzirwa kwezirconium ndiko kugadzirwa kwemakemikari ayo kubva kune acidic solutions. Iyi inyanzvi inoshandiswa inogona kushandiswa pane izvi:

• Crystallization ye zirconium oxychloride ne evaporation ye hydrochloric acid solutions;

• Hydrolytic precipitation of sulfates;

• Crystallization ye zirconium sulphate.

Kuchenesa kubva kuHafnium

Zirconium, iyo teknolojia yekugadzirwa muRussia (sokuti, zvechokwadi, kwose kwose munyika) iyo yakaoma kwazvo, kubva pakusvibiswa uku kunofanira kuparadzaniswa chaizvoizvo. Nekuchenesa simbi kubva kune hafnium, zvinotevera zvinogona kushandiswa:

• Fractional crystallization yeK2ZrF6;

• Kusanganiswa ne solvents;

• Kusarura kuderedza kwe tetrachloride (HfCl4 uye ZrCl4).

Nzira yekuwana nayo metal pachayo

Nzira dzekugadzira zirconium dzakasiyana. Muchizimusi, simbi inogona kushandiswa:

• Mune chimiro cheupfu kana chipanje;

• Compact malleable;

• High purity.

Pakutanga rekutanga, zirconium powder inobudiswa pamabhizimisi. Kuburitswa kwechokugadzirwa kwekombiki hakusi nyore. Inogadzirwa nenzira yesimbi-thermal kuderedza. Nokuti ma chlorides, magnesium kana sodium inoshandiswa, uye calcium hydride yeiziyo. Electrolytic zirconium powder inowanikwa kubva kune alkali metal chloride. Zvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa zvinowanzomirirwa. Zvadaro zvinoshandiswa kubudisa zvinokonzera zirconium mumagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa kune fironi-bhuru inoputika muchikamu chekupedzisira. Mugumisiro wacho wakanyanya kuchena zirconium. Inoshandiswa kunyanya mune zvombo zvenyukireya.

Zirconium dioxide: teknolojia yekugadzira uye yakawanda yekushandiswa

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikwata zvakakurumbira mumhizha uye hupfumi hwepasi rose hwezirconium. Muzvisikwa, zvinoitika nenzira yeaddeleyite mineral. Icho chichena chena chestristine ine grey kana yellowish tint. Inogona kubudiswa, somuenzaniso, nenzira yekuchenesa iodide. Sezvakagadzirwa, zvigadzirwa zvematare zirconium shavings zvinoshandiswa. Zirconium dioxide inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemakeramiki (kusanganisira mumunda we prosthetics), magetsi ekugadzirisa uye refractories, pakuvaka, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Zircon reserves muRussia Federation

Kubudiswa kwezirconium muRussia kunokwanisika, zvirokwazvo, chete nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvipo zvayo munharaunda yenyika. Nzvimbo dzekuchengetedzwa kwemaawa eboka iri muRussian Federation (mukuenzanisa nenyika yepasi) yakakura kwazvo. Parizvino, kune 11 mari yakadaro muRussia. Iyo yakakura ndiyo Central, iri munzvimbo yeTambov. Masimi anonyanya kuvimbiswa panguva ino anosanganisira Beshpagir (Stavropol Territory), Kirsanov (Tambov region) uye Ordynskoye (Novosibirsk). Inofungidzirwa kuti iyo inowanika zircon reserve muRussia yakakwana zvokuti inosangana nezvinoda zvemabhizimisi enyika. Shanduro inonyanya kunakidzwa nehutaneti inowanikwa kuEastern Central Deposit.

Statistics

Nokudaro, iyi nzira yehurumende chero ipi zvayo, kusanganisira Russia, inokosha zvikuru - kubudisa zirconium. Inyanzvi yekugadzira iyo yakaoma, asi kusunungurwa kwayo inhau mune chero zvipi zvinopfuura zvinonzwisisika. Panguva ino, zirconium ndiyo chete inoshandiswa simbi, iyo inogadzirwa uye inoshandiswa inosvika mazana ezviuru zveatani. Russia inowanzova yechina munyika yose. Yakagadzikana uye inoenderana nehutachiona tsvina yezirconium munyika yedu yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune imwe nyika. Zvinopfuura makumi mashanu kubva kuzana makumi mashanu kubva kune makumi mashanu emazana emari eboka iri muRussian Federation inosanganiswa ne-alkaline granites, 35% ne zircon-rutile-ilmenite placers uye 14% neve baddeleyite misangano. Kune imwe nyika, inenge yose inoshandiswa yezvimwe zvicherwa inowanikwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa.

Panzvimbo yekupedzisa

Nokudaro, takaona kuti zirconium inobudiswa sei muRussia. Pamusika wepasi rese nhasi, zvinosuruvarisa, pane kukanganisa kwakakosha kweisimbi iyi. Nokudaro, kuverenga pane zvigadzirwa zveRussia hazvisizvo. Uye zvino, zvakakosha kuisa zvakanyanya kukurudzirwa kwaro pachepa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuitira kusimbisa zvigadzirwa zvezvigadzirwa zvezirconium muRussia, zvinokosha zvakare kukudziridza unyanzvi hunobudirira hwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabviswa.