Tramway: kuvaka Codes nemirayiro

Tramway - ouinjiniya ichi chivako yakadai STRUCTURAL zvinhu somunhu nechimwe (kana pasi maumbirwo), yokumusoro mamiriro, abudise zvivako, roadbed, uye mugwagwa pamusoro.

chivakwa yekubvuma

Kugadzirira subgrade - kutanga kwekupwanyiwa pakuvaka chitima makwara. Kana padandemutande anoiswa pamusoro mugwagwa, asi longitudinal muchinjiziri uone, kana nzira vari vakanyarara shizha, ipapo kusika murwi kana pakadzika.

Next zvinobva zvarongwa pasi-njanji rutsigiro uye kutsigisa igwa. Idzowo mujinga chitima nzira. zvitsigiso ava longitudinal sleepers, ivo sleepers kana puranga zvivako. Kutsigisa igwa sarudza mavhu, jecha kana yakanaka mavhu.

Permanent nzira - zviri njanji, inokosha vanoshanda chikamu (. Michinjikwa, turnouts, kuyambuka uye nezvimwewo), Fasteners, izvo chinangwa kubatanidza njanji uye pasi-njanji zvitsigiso (Mapedhi, linings, nekiyi dzaro, yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, matayi, screws, etc ...) uye magetsi kubatana.

Kubvisa pasi uye vasanaiwa nemvura abudise zvivako zviri iiswe.

The nzira iri akaisa pakati njanji uye kunze kana tramroad iri mugwagwa. The bemhapemha anogona kuva tichigadzira ibwe, Asphalt kongiri, mavhu kana kongiri Slabs.

Structural kukura njanji

The chikuru parameter ndiyo upamhi penzira. Clearance ichi pakati kushanda zviso njanji misoro, akayera perpendicular kune longitudinal njanji akabatana. On chikamu yakarurama pamusoro njanji sokugamuchira akaenzana pakukura 1524 mm (Russian mwero njanji geji). Munzvimbo ine curvature kana Bends chamber upamhi anogona zviwedzerwe maererano akatendeuka nharaunda kana munyonga.

Sites vakavirikidza-njanji mirayiridzo vari ukapisa murwi pamwe sangano ngoro upamhi (2600 mm) uye anodiwa pakakoromoka pakati pavo (600 mm). Naizvozvo, pasina intertrack dzezvimwe abate kwaaita waya, nevakawanda risingamboshandisi upamhi panguva yayo mberi mugove chinobviswa akaenzana 3200 neMM, zvakajairika - 3500 mm. In pamberi zvitsigiso upamhi intertrack dzezvimwe havafaniri kuva zvishoma pane 3550 mm.

Kana achiisa chitima njanji chaiyo upamhi yakarongwa intertrack dzezvimwe pakati namasanhu Achitambanudzira inofambirana migwagwa.

Accommodation uye basa

Maererano nemitemo, tramways akaisa pana mukoto hunde kana tikaenda kunoita mugwagwa micheto, pasina - pakati. On the building, migwagwa mikuru kana mumigwagwa motokari mune rimwe divi vari tichigadzira nzira pamwe rumwe mugwagwa.

Aanoda unopiwa panguva nzvimbo nzira insulated kubva vamwe padandemutande motokari. Hazvina nguva noitika: nyika isingagarwi, kunyanya mumaguta makuru, hazvina kukwana.

By kugadzwa chitima nezvemakwara akakamurwa:

• basa (pamusoro kwaichengeterwa mabhuku munzvimbo uye pakati operative migwagwa uye depots);
• nguva (akatasva pfupi kugadziriswa mabasa);
• anodawo (chikuru chitima mitsetse).

Kushanda tramway vakaisa kakawanda nenzira mbiri. Single njanji anoiswa munzvimbo hazvibviri kutungamirira nzira zvose kumativi.

Mutyairi ose vanofanira kuziva kuti chitima Makwara havasi vaiona chikamu kanyika mugwagwa, asi muri yoga che pomugwagwa. Saka, kunyange njanji chokuita motokari mutsetse mirayiridzo hadzina kuitirwa kuvaita motokari musina nzira. Kuenda nokuti chitima njanji iri rinokosha muzviitiko nokudzorwa Mitemo dd.

Mvumo anofambisa pamusoro tramways

Fully akabvumidza rinoshamisa riri njanji kuti yemagetsi - mharadzano ichi.

Dd mitemo kubvumira motokari pamusoro chitima pamakwara, chete kana:

• vari chiri kuruboshwe ari mutyairi;
• vava chete chechetere pamwe munzira;
• uye chitima uye motokari kufamba chete negwara.

It akabvumira kufamba nemotokari pamusoro njanji chete mirayiridzo kana Lanes vose mugwagwa inogarwa. Asi panguva imwe chete ezvinhu anofanira kusikirwa anotsvedzerera kwemutemo trams. Uyezve, pane kusiya chitima Makwara inogona akaremara kuburikidza zvakakodzera motokari zviratidzo.

TC wairambidza zviito pamusoro tramways

The Chirango chichapiwa asunungurwa inotevera nezviito mutyairi:

• rwendo njanji, akaisa kuna rworudyi motokari;
• akatasva chitima njanji yaiva kana pasi kana pamusoro panzira;
• mbudo zviende motokari chitima nezvemakwara (nokuti ingatadza kodzero kutyaira motokari);
• U-chijana pamusoro njanji kuburikidza kurutivi rworudyi.

Uyezve zvirango achaparadzwa zvavakatemerwa prohibitive akasateerera motokari zviratidzo uye / kana nyora kureva mugwagwa pamusoro. Izvi zvinosanganisira zviratidzo 3.19; 4.1.1; 4.1.2; 4.1.4, uyewo nyora 1,1; 1.2.1 uye 1.3.

Majana uye dzinokanganisa

Sezvo zviri pachena kubva nemitemo dd, motokari zvinofamba munzira kuti yemagetsi akabvumira Chat, uyewo vanogona kuparadzira kuburikidza kurutivi rworuboshwe uye mudzokere (panguva iyoyo pasina kuvhiringidza kwemutemo yemagetsi), kusanganisira kuyambuka mugwagwa kuburikidza mharadzano.

The akasiya chijana anobvumirwa dd mitemo kana:

• Hapana mutsetse nyora mumugwagwa pamusoro;
• Chitima njanji riri kurudyi mumotokari uye panguva imwecheteyo pamwero pamwe mugwagwa.

Kutanga rinoshamisa, iva nechokwadi chokuti yemagetsi chokufambisa hachisisiri vanoshingaira. Kutenderera rinoitwa chete panguva imwe kurudyi akachinjikana. Kutadza kuita saizvozvo yakaenzana kutamira kunyika motokari nhungamiro, kuti rinobatanidza faindi 5000 rubles. Dzimwe nguva izvi unoenda dzoro chiratidzo pamberi pakuguma rinoshamisa iri.

Unogona kuita dzoro sezvinotevera:

• nechokwadi chokuti chitima Makwara vari kupfuura pamwe nemotokari mirayiridzo havasi muhurongwa uye kumusoro / pasi mugwagwa, uye kuti zviratidzo uye mugwagwa nyora chepasi rinoshamisa, havapo;
• kupa nzira (kana zvakakodzera), yemagetsi;
• kuchinjira chitima inocherechedza chete mirayiridzo;
• kuti kusanganisa dzokai Mureza, ita U-ngaadudzire
• kudzima dzokai chiratidzo.

Kana Kuchinja mu tramways akabvumira (panguva ezvinhu pamusoro apa), kuti pezvinenge hakubvumidzwi. Nokuti hazvibviri pasina kufamba pakatarisana mukoto.

Right kutendeukira kuburikidza tramways mitemo inodzora kunotevera. Nokuti Kuzadzika rinoshamisa iri motokari anofanira kutora kure kurudyi. Tanga nekodzero dzoro kubva njanji kuti yemagetsi zvachose wairambidza.

Possible zvinokanganiswa dzoro

Mumwe mukuru - the rinoshamisa kunotanga mugwagwa, kwete chitima njanji. Kuita izvi nyaya haisi inopiwa. Tiri kutaura chete nezvokusikwa nedambudziko. Kana zvakanaka kutanga achitendeuka, pane mukana mukuru kudhumhana ane motokari kufamba nzira yakananga.

Wechipiri akajairika chikanganiso - akatendevukira chitima inocherechedza negwara. Panyaya iyi, mutyairi ane kwakakomba kutyora mitemo ushandiswe dd, ndima 9.6, kureva, chinoita pakufamba uye kufamba tramways negwara.

Kazhinji motokari iri motokari chitima njanji hakusi rakafara. Muchiitiko chino, inisipekita motokari mapurisa anokodzera rinoshamisa ichi ave kuenda kunyika motokari dzinenge dzichiuya chitima motokari. Uye ichi, chokwadi, kutungamirira yakaisvonaka.

Pane achiri kukanganisa kunoitika panguva dzoro kuburikidza kurutivi rworuboshwe, apo motokari yakapakwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zviri chinodiwa kutanga rinoshamisa, apo motokari (dzakamiswa uye zvichiitika) dziri chete mutsetse. Akadaro kutanga dzoro mu vakabatisisa dzezvimwe waanodzikisira zvingangoita kudhumhana.

The mharadzano pamusoro unregulated mharadzano

Dd mitemo kumubvumira chete muzviitiko apo:

• yemagetsi senga (kurudyi pamusoro mutyairi), uye motokari inofamba munzira, vose Ndichakudza vakasiya ngaadudzire
• Chitima (iri kurutivi rworudyi rwechikepe motokari) uye motokari kufamba chete kutungamirira Junction, asi motokari vakaramba kufamba akananga;
• yemagetsi senga kuenda kurudyi mutyairi achaita richasara Iyewo, apo motokari musina nzira anoramba kuenda nenzira yakarurama mutsetse.

Kana ukapinda mharadzano kunotemwa kubva ndima Regulation inoratidza dd 5.10; 5.15.1 uye 5.15.2 yokudzora kwebasa zvisungo kana chichiratidza nzira neizvi inofamba, kuti marangirwo nokuti kusiya nzira dzemagetsi chokufambisa uchava zvakafanira, nokuti dzinorambidzwa. Right chijana rinofanira kuitwa pasina kuyambuka chitima njanji.

Ungaita sei kutendeuka kana mugwagwa uye tramway chamber chete mirayiridzo? The rinoshamisa akabvumira kana gwara iri yakati chechetere. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, richasara jana rinoitwa pamwe tramways sezvo aizochinja. Other motokari inogona akaratidza zviratidzo 5.15.1; 5.15.2 kana mugwagwa nyora 1.18.

Kana paine motokari chiedza kana motokari controller

Panyaya iyi, apo vakwanise Mureza kana chiratidzo pakati wezvikoro zvose modes pakufamba trolley ane mhedziso zvinobatsira pasina pamusoro wayo mirayiridzo kufamba. Zvisinei, kana chakaita, munyoro museve hwebetsero chikamu unorambidza motokari pamwe motokari anonongedzera electrotransport anofanira kupa nzira motokari kufamba dzimwe nzira.

Vangani vachava kubhadhara

Huwandu chirango nokuda mhosva pamusoro tramways kunoenderana kwokuomerwa kudarika. Chinonyanya "anodhura" ndivo - paakadzinga motokari pamusoro pamakwara negwara. Nokuti chirango kusvika 5000 rubles kana yezve kutyaira rezinesi kwenguva kwemwedzi anosvika mitanhatu. Asi kana mhosva wakanyorwa vhidhiyo kamera, mutyairi achawana kure chete nomucheka.

Chirango kuyambuka chiso uye chichiitwa ubvise kuti Anopatsanura chitima njanji kubva mumugwagwa. DPS inisipekita vangangoti kuyambira, uye anogona ape yakanaka 500 rubles.

Zvakaenzana vachapiwa mhosva kuti muchairi kufamba chitima inocherechedza yakafanana nhungamiro, asi vachipindira yemagetsi mufambo.

Motokari vanorega pamusoro tramways motokari mitemo anoreva kweguva chaizvo kutyorwa. Nhasi, ndiyo "mutengo" 1500 rubles. In guru uye St. Petersburg nokuda kutyora ichi vachafanira kubhadhara 3000 rubles.

Vatyairi vanobvuma famba chipingamupinyi munzira kuti yemagetsi negwara, kugadzirira kubhadhara chitsama rusununguko nehafu chiuru rubles. Uye hapana kuwandisa kwemotokari mumugwagwa, hapana kuwandisa kwemotokari haisi chikonzero kusazvibata, hazvina kuzivikanwa sechipinganidzo. Kana muchairi anomiswa kakawanda nokuda chete mhosva, ndiye Administrative Code anobvumira kuti anomutorera inokukura rezinesi kwemwedzi 12. Uye kana mhosva uyu camcorder, mutongo ichiwedzerwa kusvika 5 000 rubles. Zvakafanana kupora (nokunyima kadhi zvichida) kumirira mutyairi kuti vapoterere chipingamupinyi kuti aigona yokunzvenga pasina kumbomira munzira dzemagetsi motokari.

Dzimwe nguva, mutyairi ane chikonzero chakanaka kumumanikidza kuti zvinorondedzerwa kutyorwa. Zvisinei, kuratidza kuremekedza avo, vane matare.

tsaona dzemotokari

Anenge nguva dzose, vakaziva chaikonzera muchairi. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo zvinoitika, mhosva yacho chitima mutyairi. Somuenzaniso, akasiya yemapurisa, kwete kutarisa mativi, kana sangano vakatanga tsvuku (kana tsvuku) motokari chiratidzo.

Chinhu chokutanga kuitwa kuti mutyairi, afunge tsaona, - kuti nzira yemagetsi chokufambisa. Nekuti muripo akarasika Purofiti chokufambisa kambani - ane mufaro zvinodhura. Kakawanda, dare anoita tobvuma kuti mukwiriri uye ibasa rakawandisa zvinopfuura 10 000 rubles. Naizvozvo avtoyuristy zano chero zvaita sezvo tsaona vakasununguka chitima inocherechedza nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Kana chiitiko chakaitika yemagetsi zvifambiso haina kuroorana, unofanira kukurumidza kutora mashoko zvapupu, tara mugwagwa tsaona zano, kunyanya achitaura chero yakamisirwa chinhu, kutora mapikicha shoma akasiyana pamakona uye kutevera ari pedyo bazi motokari mapurisa. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu achibvumira, haugoni anoshanda rokuongorora, magetsi mitemo nemirayiro kumubvumira.

abnormality

Atasve ari chitima migwagwa, kusanganisira negwara, ishandiswe panguva yokuzvigadzirisa basa iri rimwe / multi-mukoto mugwagwa. Muchiitiko chino, motokari mapurisa vaongorori kuchaita dzinoronga dhituwa kuti anogona kutora pamusoro yemabhuku tramways.

Uyewo kufanana dhituwa motokari mapurisa vane kodzero kupa nokuda guru mutsaona yomumugwagwa. Asi ezvinhu izvi uye akafanana, vanofanira kugadzirisa kwebasa motokari.

Chitima mitsara panzira huru iyi

MuMoscow, pamusoro vavakezve web pamusoro W. Iyi. Zvino pano vari kusakara nemishonga njanji, zvichiita kuti yekudyidzana kuwedzera kumhanya kwebasa motokari. Asi tramways kugadzira kuti haisi zvose. Now yakatanga "munyoro chinozunguzirwa" kuti motokari yemagetsi. Ichi rinokosha murau rwemotokari magetsi uye inofamba sensors. Last zvirire kuti kusvika hombe zvifambiso. Maererano nenyanzvi, uye trams, uye vatyairi vanorasikirwa nguva kufamba kuyambuka kashanu maduku, trams havafaniri kumirira kuti vatendeukire "mitema" panguva motokari mwenje, uye mutyairi kuti amire pamusoro "zvitsvuku" pasina unopfuura chitima. Experimental "mutema chinozunguzirwa" Akagamuchira wongororo zhinji akanaka. Naizvozvo, akangwara yakadaro mhinduro imwe vachava iiswe rose guru.