Vakasununguka dzaishandiswa policies - chii ichi? Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira rusununguko dzaishandiswa mitemo

Kukurukura nyaya mumunda dzakawanda dzaishandiswa Zvinobvira kuziva zvikonzero basa mumwe. Asi nyaya zvakafanana rinokosha pakusarudza States ane akapiwa mhando enyika nyika dzakawanda dzaishandiswa.

Pachishandiswa yokungotaura zvinhu, tinogona anoratidza mutemo protectionism uye vakasununguka kutengeserana. Ava mhando mbiri inokosha dzakawanda dzaishandiswa, izvo zvaizoita nezvibereko zvakanaka kuti upfumi mamiriro. Ngationei kugara nomumwe wavo.

Tsanangudzo "vakasununguka dzaishandiswa"

Free tengeserana - ndiko zvematongerwo enyika, mune gadziriro iyo mamiriro haafaniri kupindira mune nokure dzimwe kutengeserana. Nemhaka yezviito munyika urwu kukura dzakawanda dzaishandiswa pasi pokudzora romugove uye kudiwa. Panewo rimwe zita rusununguko kutengeserana. Ndiwo mutemo chokuzvisarudzira zvokutengeserana, izvo kuti dhigirii mukuru anofanira kusangana zvido upi mamiriro, zvinoita kuti kubudirira pakati kunonyanyisa Vhoriyamu kugadzirwa mu nerimwe wokutengesera vemapato.

Kutsunga protectionism

Zvisinei, inozivikanwa uye rinokupa dzakawanda dzaishandiswa itsika - protectionism. Panyaya iyi, pamusika National kunodzivirirwa kubva vatorwa kukwikwidzana tariffs, uye non-mutero murau zvigadziriswe.

Pakati vatsigiri zvose vakasununguka wezvokutengeserana uye protectionism Ndinoramba gakava pamusoro feasibility mumwe kana zvimwe mitemo iyi. Imwe neimwe mapato kutsigira munzvimbo dzavo vakaisa mberi zvimwe zvikonzero.

Free zvokutengeserana: zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Izvi mhando mugwaro kunoratidza kuti chero kupindira hurumende vakaumba ane Interstate kupanana zvinhu zviri zvemari chinokuvadza.

Yaitaurwa rusununguko kutengeserana - ndiko kushandiswa Kazhinji yokungotaura chinyorwa, kunobva tikaenzanisa zviratidzi okuwana mari, nemhaka iyo upfumi nyika zvasvika ndaisagona hurumende ichiisa mari uye kunaka kwoupenyu. Production ano uye maumbirwo zvinhu munyika imwe neimwe vane unhu avo, izvo kuona kusiyana National kugadzirwa mari zvigadzirwa siyana uye zviwanikwa, uye izvi zvinonzi specialization ari weboka vabatire dzakawanda munhandare. Ikoko iwe mira kunze kudhura uye nani zviwanikwa uye zvigadzirwa.

With zvose zvakanaka zvinhu izvi rusununguko kutengeserana kuti kubatsira vakasununguka kutengeserana haibatanidzi zvinotevera zvinhu. Sezvo vanhu vangasarudza mudzimba zvinhu kupinza analogues kuvakuru quality, ivo vaburitsi Russian kuchaderedza kugadzirwa dzaro haizopereri kudzingwa revashandi. Izvi kutungamirira rutapudzo yevateresi zveminda kusvikira hurumende bhajeti. Uyewo pane mukana kuwedzera hurumende kutarisirwa vatorwa kugadzirwa nhumbi iyo mitengo simuka kuda uye voruzhinji chavagari havazokwanisi kukwanisa kutenga. The yakanakisisa Pamusana Implementation rusununguko wezvokutengeserana - unokurudzira vagadziri kuvandudza zvigadzirwa zvavo apo mukuderedza mari. Izvi zvichaita kuti dzakaderera mitengo kuti apedza zvigadzirwa.

Other nharo vachida pokushandisa musimboti rusununguko dzaishandiswa

Panewo dzimwe umboo kushanda akasununguka kutengeserana. Izvi ndizvo zvikonzero:

- yakawedzera makwikwi mudzimai pamusika neHurumende nokuda kukwezvana nechitarisiko bhizimisi, izvo yekudyidzana ichikutadzisa ari chindingindingi pamusoro vaburitsi vemo;

- anotokonya upfumi nezvebasa vaburitsi vemo, vane kurwisana nezvavatorwa vakwikwidzi nokuti makasitoma;

- zvakawedzera kusarudza kuti vatengi vane mukana kuenzanisa mutengo uye risanyatsobuda vavatorwa mudzimba.

Yaitaurwa nokuti protectionism

Iva nechokwadi kuti pfungwa inotevera huru zvokudya:

- sezvinodiwa kuchengeteka National pane kudikanwa yekuzviriritira hwenyika pamusoro anokosha inokosha sectors, saka haabvumirwi zvokudya uye zvekuvaka kutsamira kuburikidza kuona kudzivirira mudzimba kugadzirwa kubva kune dzimwe bhizimisi mamwe States;

- kudiwa kuchengetedza mabasa uye kwavakazoita kuwedzera;

- kudiwa kutsigira epamba kudiwa zvigadzirwa riri mudzimba vaburitsi, pane avo vatorwa dzomuzana;

- nechokwadi upfumi kugadzikana kuburikidza diversification nokuda mukuru njodzi dzakasiyana-siyana zvoupfumi nokufamba munyika upfumi pamwe nhete specialization pakati wechipfuwo upfumi;

- kudiwa kudzivirira maindasitiri matsva Russian upfumi haasi kukwanisa pasina hurumende rutsigiro kukwikwidzana nezvavatorwa vagadziri zvakafanana;

- kusikwa akanaka ezvinhu kuti uvandudze vamwe sectors tichiregeredza unotiranga, izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa nemhaka kuwedzera mitengo pakatanga netsika mabasa.

History of kuzadziswa vakasununguka vagotengeseranamo dzimwe nyika

Chii vakasununguka zvokutengeserana, tinogona kufunga muenzaniso management muzana remakore rechi19 muEngland. Panguva iyoyo, kutengeserana rusununguko richiratidzwa akasanganiswa dzisashande tsika mabasa akasiyana-siyana kupinza kuEngland uye aivigirwa nhumbi kubva pairi. Panguva iyoyo iyi, nemhaka basa-mubhadharo rokutengesa mishonga kwayo, uyewo zvichiita zvakachipa kupinza yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvokudya, England akakwanisa zvinobudirira kuwana mhinduro yakanaka mudzimba musika wayo.

England ari 60s. Remakore rechi19 panheyo tose tibatsirwe apera bilateral zvibvumirano pamwe Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden neAustria. Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kune Anglo-French chibvumirano (1860). Pakutanga, chibvumirano yaizova unyatsobatsira France, sezvo zvakanga Britain chabvisa zvose mabasa pamusoro nesirika uye Kushivirira okuwana French, apo France chete akaderedza mutero pamusoro marasha Chirungu, michina uye shinda. Zvisinei, Chirungu nenhumbi, pasinei kukwana kuripwa muripo weUS, yaiita isingadhuri zvikuru, uye saka yakatsvikinyidzana pamusika France. Saka, rusununguko-kutengeserana Mutemo wakabatsira kuchengetedza chikuru chinzvimbo Chirungu mumusika pose.

Mienzaniso kushandisa rusununguko wezvokutengeserana Mutemo Russia

vakasununguka wezvokutengeserana Gwaro rave kushandiswa siyana nguva zvoupfumi weRussia. Pasina kuenda zvakadzama zvakakwana, tava kutendeukira kune upfumi rechi20 remakore dzidziso. Saka, mumakore 80 pamusika yeRussia rakanga dzinoratidzwa dhefisiti pamusoro zvachose nevatengi zvose zvinhu. Mutengo chaizvo pasi, uye chikuva - kukuru. 1992 ndipo abolition cheHurumende anotambura dzimwe zvokutengeserana, yaiva chinhu chinodiwa kuti kukurumidza chekubuda dzimwe nhumbi pamusoro mumhuri pamusika. Trade akatanga kuva nezvaunoitawo, mumwe stratum pamusoro Entrepreneurs, rinozivikanwa "shuttles". Vari kunyanya kutorwa kubva China uye Turkey zvakachipa zvinhu kuti dzinotengeswa zvakananga mumigwagwa pedyo misika uye zvitoro.

Mamiriro kuRussia upfumi

Nhasi, Danho ichi kwapfuura, uye mutengi akanga kusarudza - kutenga muno kana kupinza zvinhu. Muenzaniso unoshamisa nyaya iyi pamusika zvigadzirwa zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, zvinhu Russian rakanakira zvakawanda zvakadai Akasununguka, freshness uye kusavapo siyana inokuvadza yokuvirisa. Zvisinei, rine mutengo zvishoma kupfuura zvavo dzimwe dzomuzana. Uye anotarisa zvishoma kuipa mhiri kwemakungwa zvigadzirwa.