Tsvina yakawanda zvikuru ndeyei?

Apo vanhu vanonzwa shoko rokuti "simbi", rinowanzobatanidzwa nehutano uye hunosimba hunoita magetsi. Zvisinei, zvidhina uye zvinyorwa zvavo zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya pakati pavo. Iko kune avo vari veboka rinorema, zvinhu izvi zvine unhu hwakanyanya. Uye vamwe, semuenzaniso, lithium, vakareruka zvokuti vanogona kutambaira mumvura, kana chete ivo vasina kuita nemazvo.

Ndezvipi zvishandiso zvinonyanya kushandiswa?

Asi tsvina ipi inoratidza inonyanya kukosha? Simba rinoshandiswa zvikuru cesium. Maererano nebasa pakati pezvinhu zvose zvesimbi, inotanga kutanga. Uyezve, "hama" dzake dziriFrance, iyo inzvimbo yechipiri, uye isina uninitiated. Asi zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvezvinhu zvekupedzisira.

Cesium properties

Cesium ndiyo chinhu ichocho, kufanana nesimbi gallium, chiri nyore kunyunguduka mumaoko. Kuti uite izvi, zvisinei, zvinogoneka chete pasi pemamiriro mamwechete: kana cesium iri mubhokisi regirazi. Kana zvisina kudaro, simbi inogona kukurumidza kuita nemhepo yakapoteredza - ichapedza. Uye kushamwaridzana kwekesium nemvura kunofambidzana nekuputika - ichi chiri mukuratidzwa kwayo simbi inoshandiswa. Iyi ndiyo mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti nei zvakaoma kuisa cesium muzvigadzirwa.

Kuti uzviise mukati me tube, zvakakosha kuti zvive zvegirazi yakakwana uye izere neArgon kana hydrogen. Iko kunyauka kwe cesium iri 28.7 ° C. Pachando chemavirazuva, simbi iri mune imwe nheyo-mvura. Cesium ichinhu chendarama-chena muto. Mune mvura yakasviba, simbi inoratidza chiedza chakanaka. Cesium vapor ine greenish-blue hue.

Ko cesium yakawanikwa sei?

Simbi yakawanda zvikuru ndiyo yaiva yekutanga chemicals element, iyo yaivepo pamusoro penzvimbo yepasi yakagadziriswa uchishandiswa netral analysis method. Apo masayendisiti akawana ruzha rwesimbi, mukati mavo vakaona miviri miviri-yebhuruu ruvara. Nokudaro, chinhu ichi chine zita racho. Izwi caesius muchiLatin rinoreva "denga rebhuruu".

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Kuwanikwa kwaro ndekwevatsvakurudzi vechiGermany R. Bunsen naG. Kirchhoff. Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti aifarira mune zvishandisi zvinoshanda uye zvisiri izvo. Muna 1860, vatsvakurudzi vakaongorora kuumbwa kwemvura kubva mudzimba reDurkheim. Vakaita izvi kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwema spectral. Mune mienzaniso yemvura, masayendisiti akawana zvinhu zvakadai sa strontium, magnesium, lithium, calcium.

Zvadaro vakasarudza kuongorora donhwe remvura ne spectroscope. Ipapo vakaona miviri yebhuruu yakajeka, isiri kure nemumwe. Chimwe chazvo pachigaro chayo chinowanzoenderana ne strontium metal line. Masayendisiti akasarudza kuti chinhu chakawanikwa navo hachizikanwi uye chinonzi icho chikamu chema alkali zvesimbi.

Mugore rimwechete Bunsen akanyorera tsamba yake kune waaishanda naye-photochemist G. Roscoe, iyo yaakataura pamusoro pekuwanikwa uku. Uye zvepamutemo maererano nekesium yakashumwa May 10, 1860 pamusangano wevasayendisiti paBerlin Academy. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, Bunsen akakwanisa kubvisa makirogiramu makumi mashanu e-cesium chloroplatinite. Masayendisiti akadzorerazve matani 300 emaminerari uye akapiwa anenge 1 kg ye lithiamu chloride sechinhu-chigadzirwa kuitira kuti pakupedzisira awane simbi inoshanda zvikuru. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pane kesium shoma mumvura ine mineral.

Kuoma kwekuwana cesium nguva dzose kunokonzera masayendisiti kuwana maminera ane iyo, imwe yeyo inonzi pollucite. Asi kubudiswa kwekesium kubva kune ores kunogara kusina kukwana, panguva yekushandiswa kwekesium iyo inokurumidza kukurumidza. Ichi chinoita kuti chive chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru mumetallurgy. Kubwinya kwepasi, somuenzaniso, kune 3.7 gramu ye cesium pamatani. Uye mune imwe litre yemvura yegungwa, chete 0.5 μg yehuyo ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa simbi. Izvi zvinotungamirira ku chokwadi chokuti kubudiswa kwekesium imwe yezvirongwa zvakanyanya-kushanda zvakasimba.

Kugamuchira muRussia

Sezvinoratidzwa, iyo mineral inoshandiswa kubva kune cesium inobudiswa ipollucite. Uyewo simbi iyi inoshandiswa inogona kuwanikwa kubva kuna avogadrite vashoma. Munyika iyi inonzi polulzit. Kuwedzera kwaro mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union muRussia kwakanga kusina kuitwa, pasinei nekuti kunyange mumazuva iwayo magetsi makuru emvura akawanikwa muVeronaya tundra pedyo neMurmansk.

Nenguva iyo mhizha yepamhenderekedzo yakakwanisa kubhadhara kubudiswa kwekesium, chiremera chekusimudza munda uyu chakawana nekambani inobva kuCanada. Iye zvino kubudiswa kwekesium kunoitwa nekambani yeNovosibirsk CJSC "Plant yeasina tsvina".

Kushandiswa kwekesium

Iyi simbi inoshandiswa kuita mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana. Uyewo cesium makemikari inoshandiswa mumapazi anokosha e-optics - mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvidhori, binoculars yekuonekwa kweusiku. Cesium inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu, izvo zvinokubvumira kuona iyo nzira uye simba reupenyu remuvengi. ламп. Inoshandiswawo pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvesimbi metal halide .

Asi izvi hazviregi kutara kwaro. Pachikonzero che cesium, mishonga yakawanda yakave yakagadzirwawo. Iyi imishonga yekurapa diphtheria, ulcers, kushungurudzwa uye schizophrenia. Sezvakaita lithium salts, cesium salts ine normotimic-kana, zvinongogona, kunogona kugadzirisa manzwiro emanzwiro.

Metal yeFrance

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakasimbiswa nechose chakanyanya kugadzirwa ndiFrance. Yakagamuchira zita rayo pakuremekedza nyika yenyika yekutsvaga kwesimbi. M. Peret, akaberekerwa muFrance, akawana imwe chigadzirwa chemakemikari muna 1939. Iye ndeyeenhamba yezvinhu zvakadaro, izvo kunyange makemikari pachavo vanozviwana zvakaoma kutora chero zvirevo.

France ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwesimbi. Panguva imwecheteyo, sirivha yakawanda kwazvo inonzi France, pamwe chete nekesium. Iko kusanganiswa kusingawanzokwi - kukwirira kwemakemikari nekusimbiswa kwenyika yenyukireya uye vaneFrance. Iyo yakareba-yakagara isotope ine hafu yeupenyu yemaminitsi 22 chete. France inoshandiswa kuona chimwe chinhu-actinium. Uyewo munyu weFrance wakashandiswa kushandiswa kuona zvirwere zvekenza. Zvisinei, nekuda kwebhadharo yakanyanya yeyuyu munyu isingabatsiri kubudisa.

Kuenzanisa kwezvinhu zvakanyanya kushandiswa

Unbound haisati iri simbi yakazaruka. Achava nzvimbo yekutanga munhare yechisere yefurao periodic. Kubudirira nekutsvakurudza kwechinhu ichi chiri kuitwa muRussia pa Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Ichi chitsvina chichava nebasa rakakwirira kwazvo. Kana tikafananidza nyika inozivikanwa yeFrance uye cesium, iyo inonyanya kukosha ionization - 380 kJ / mol - ichava neFrance.

Mu cesium, chiyero ichi 375 kJ / mol. Asi France haina kugadzikana zvakanyanya sekesium. Nokudaro, cesium ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa simbi. Iyi ndiyo mhinduro (makemikari inowanzotarisirwa mubhuku raunogona kuwana mubvunzo wakafanana), iyo inogona kubatsira vose mukirasi uye mune chikoro chekudzidzisa.