Thermal migumisiro uye enthalpy kuti inotungamirwa. Mhinzo thermochemistry

Enthalpy pamusoro inotungamirwa, thermodynamic pfuma sechinhu chinokosha namakemikari, izvo zvinoratidza uwandu simba iri kwayo samolecular marongerwo inogona dzikwanise kupisa, mumwe kiyi pfungwa thermodynamic kemisitiri. Bazi iri sayenzi kwave kudzidza tembiricha zvinoitwa zvakasiyana siyana uye vairaramiswa ose mumuviri namakemikari parameters, kupisa vanokwanisa uye danho kuchinja. The enthalpy pamusoro inotungamirwa (kubva muchiGiriki "entalpio." - "neshungu") anosarudza kuti makemikari zvaida simba rakawanda kuti asike kunzwisisa imwe fuma kubva nyore okunze, sokugamuchira mutemo, muna yacho yakagadzikana kwazvo mamiriro.

Somuenzaniso, rehydrogen, senitrogen kana okisijeni kwakadaro gaseous chimiro, carbon - kabhoni uye bromine - mvura mamiriro. Enthalpy kuti inotungamirwa - rinokosha chaizvo thermochemical ehupfumi, sezvo runoita kwete chete kuti abudirire kugadzirisa dambudziko hunonzi, asiwo kuva siyana kwemakemikari ruzivo uye kusika anodiwa midziyo kuti vaiite. Uye zvinokwanisika chete kana paine yakarurama uye nesayenzi anotsanangura mashoko pamusoro physicochemical uye thermodynamic zvivako zviri siyana yeimwe. mashoko akadaro kakawanda kunobvumirwa anopfuura makumi mashanu kubva muzana kutanga mashoko yokugadzira kunzwisisa zvokushandisa kuedza kwesayenzi kana maindasitiri zvinangwa.

Naizvozvo, kudzidza zvivako dzakasiyana-siyana zvinhu, dzakadai enthalpy pakati inotungamirwa, ndiye nhasi mumwe kukoshesa thermochemistry izvo dzinowanzotaura thermodynamic maitiro equations kuti aone kukosha ichi. Vanofanira kuratidza kuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro enyika nefuma, uye chafariz mugumisiro anoonekwa somunhu mumwe kuita zvinhu.

Kupisa kuita, kusanganisira inotungamirwa enthalpy venhumbi akatsunga kushandisa chero mhando calorimeters. Vanonzi bhomba calorimeter mudziyo zvakanaka thermostatted akavharwa mhando umo chafariz simba kusunungurwa somugumisiro makemikari maitiro wapera chete kuwedzera tembiricha iri zvokunyaradza nzvimbo. The calorimeter vane reactive fuma uye maitiro anosarudza roga nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvadaro, yomukati tembiricha iri svikiro kunoonekwa kuburikidza lämpömittari kana thermocouple.

Nenzira iyi, akayera tichienzanisa enthalpy kuti paumbwe zviuru zvakawanda zvinhu. Vose Data nokungwarira uye akanyatsokopwa akanyorwa chaiyo magwaro uye pamatafura. Uyewo enthalpies pakati inotungamirwa parameters dzakasiyana zvinhu zvinogona dzaona mathematically kushandisa zvakafanana kwazvo pakati kuita zvinhu uye maitiro zvivezwa izvi. Nokuti ichi uye vakashandisa wo thermodynamic equations.

Simple zvinhu zviri dzinenge nguva dzose inotungamirwa enthalpy akaenzana razero. Chii chiri kufungwa iri Masvomhu. Uye ichi thermodynamic pfuma Somuenzaniso, phosphorus trichloride inogona rinowanikwa nokushandisa mutoo:

P (TV.) + 1½ C ₃ = RS (x).

For gaseous simbi (Fe, AL) ari enthalpy kuti inotungamirwa rakasiyana razero uye rinomiririra thermochemical kushanduka panguva kuchinja kubva yakasimba mamiriro (mureza) iri gaseous mamiriro. ukoshi ichi kunonzwisiswa sezvo enthalpy pamusoro vaporization, rinonziwo atomization.