The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1 muna 1826-1849 gg. Zvakabuda vavatorwa wokuti Nicholas I

Domestic Politika Nikolaya 1, muna pfupi, yaiva maviri chinhu chinonyanya kukosha. Yokutanga anogona kunzi kuguma Hondo 1812. Wechipiri - kumukira Decembrists uye kutsiva yokutonga (1825-fung gore). Panyaya iyi, dzimwe nyika Politika Nikolaya 1 (kureva tafura achava pakuguma nyaya) akanga zvikuru kufurirwa mamiriro ezvinhu Europe, nharaunda iyo yakatanga ari Bourgeois chimurenga. Next, funga chii vaiva chikuru wokuti Nicholas 1.

chikosheshwa

Chii chaiva zvemukati Politika Nikolaya 1? Muchidimbu mukuronga zvinangwa pakutanga zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti huru chinangwa wakasiyiwa namambo, aiva codification mitemo. Mutongi chaizvo kuteerera kutsoropodza uye mazano andakapiwa Decembrists, nguva dzose achinongedza kwokushaya wake anodiwa kuitira uye, sezvo zvakaguma zhinji kufanira mune kwokubatsira uye dare. Chinangwa chikuru codifying gavhuna akaona kuti streamline mitemo, apo asina kusuma zvakagadzirwa. Saka aida inonzi yakarurama zvikuru nheyo absolutism. Zvinenge zvose basa riri codification akatakurwa Speransky.

zvokukura codification

Maererano nepurani Speransky mitemo arayira yaifanira mumatanho matatu. Wekutanga akataura kuunganidza uye kubudisa zvose zvatinopiwa zviri kurongwa rokutonga Alexei Mikhailovich, kusvikira pakupera rokutonga Alexander I. Panguva rechipiri pachikuva, paiva nechinetso riri bhuku romutemo, dzakanga riri Domain-enderana nenzira. Hazvina kufanira kuti vave chero kuchinja (kuwedzererwa kana padzimwe). In danho rechitatu muunganidzwa uye bhuku idzva "Mutemo Code" akanga aronga - humwe hurongwa muviri aripo mutemo. In chinyorwa ichi isu vakafunga kuwedzererwa uye padzimwe, kufungisisa tsika uye kodzero, uyewo nezvinodiwa chaiye ehurumende. Kana bazi yechipiri yakanga yayo wokudhinda. It vakagadzirira Mavhoriyamu yakadhindwa paMitemo yeRussian Empire (rakakwana muunganidzwa). Munguva kubva 1828 kusvika makore 1830-fung rakabudiswa mapande 45. Uyewo, mavhoriyamu matatu mafomu nezviratidzo akadhindwa. zvikamu zvose izvi tiri chikamu musangano wokutanga. Raisanganisira 31 000 pamutemo mabasa munguva kubvira 1649 kusvika 1825-fung makore. Uyezve, mavhoriyamu matanhatu dzakabudiswa. Vakayambuka 1825-30 biennium. Vakatanga musangano wechipiri. Raisanganisira mirayiro rakapa panguva yaitonga Alexander uye Nicholas 2 1.

bumbiro remitemo

Iye kukwanisa pahwaro Rakazara Collection. In richiswedera akakwidza Code yaipotsa mabasa usisiri kushanda kana kutsiviwa mitemo tevera. Also akaita mugadziriro acho kugadzira. padzimwe All, zvikuru kuchiwedzera-Ons zvinogona kuitwa chete akabvumirwa yaKesari. The mambo pachake akatarisira yose nzira basa. Pre-Mitemo vaiona nhengo chaiyo basa weSeneti. Pashure paizvozvo, vamwe nhengo dzayo vakatumirwa Muushumiri. Code of Laws yakabudiswa mavhoriyamu 15 muna 1832, gore. Rine 40 chiuru nyaya.

mamwe mabhuku

Speransky rakagadzirirwa ne 12 nemirayiro vemauto mavhoriyamu, uyewo bumbiro remitemo iri Grand Duchy vomuFinland uye kuBaltic pamativi uye Western. Paitonga Nicholas 1 yakabudiswa "Panounganira zvomumvura uye mitemo zvomudzimu" uye "Mirayiro pamusoro anongofamba vatorwa Eastern kuSiberia."

mamwe kutendeuka

Other policies Nicholas 1 chokuita dzidzo uye upenyu vanhuwo zvavo. Zvikuru kukosha mambo akabhadhara serfdom. Nemhaka bhuku kwemitemo anoverengeka ari nani hwaibva vomuridzi womunda vanhuwo zvavo. Normative mabasa akasimbisa kuti serfs hadzisi nyore pfuma munhu akazvimirira ega. Ndivo, pakutanga, vagari hurumende. Zvakava zvizhinji kuchinja Politika Nikolaya pasango dzidzo. Muna 1828, gore ivo kuchinja zvinhu pakati uchingodzikira dzidzo chaiyo masangano chaiitirwa.

Migumisiro yebasa

Kunze paitonga Nicholas 1 codification mitemo, Chokwadi, uchava streamline huripo mutemo. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina kushandura urongwa autocratic feudal Russia. Zvikurukuru, nezvezvitadzo enyika uye munzanga yacho. Codification haana kushandura utariri hurongwa haana kupedza uori, tsvuku tepi uye nehanya, izvo zvasvika ichatonga zvine mbiri kwayo kwakanga yaitonga Nicholas. Muboka revatungamiriri kwakatungamirira kuchengeta pepa zvinyorwa, iyo kwakaitika pakavanda zvevafundisi zvisingadzoreki. In yokutanga yezana XIX remakore, zvakawanda zvikava yekudyidzana uwandu vakuru. Key zvakakwana akaona zvose zvakaipa zviri muboka revatungamiriri, asi kubvisa navo maererano absolutism zvakanga zvisingaiti. Akadaro aiva mamiriro Politika Nikolaya 1 (zvishoma).

nzvimbo reRussia munyika

By chechipiri kota XIX remakore, Russia aiva mamiriro simba uye makuru anoti. Panguva iyoyo zvikuru kukwanisa kuzvisarudzira zvose wokumwe negwaro nyaya. Pakutanga ushe namambo lag Empire kubva Europe muchiuto-zvekushandisa mashoko, hazvina kudaro kuchioneka. hondo Russian akanga akawanda uye kwainzi munyika imwe yakanakisisa.

The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1: huru

Mujinga zvazvingava vakasara Russia kubvira pakupera XVIII remakore, kubvira ipapo, sezvo nyika yakatanga kuva chihombe Eurasian umambo. The mambo mutsva paakangogara pachigaro mushure yakazivisa kuenderera nowakautangira. Zvisinei, Zvadaro, namambo akajekesa kuti Russia iri European chiitiko kwenguva refu kuvimba nezvinhu zvavo pachavo, pane kuvimba "yeUnited yokubatana." 1 Nicholas vakaramba pamwe German inoti, Prussia, pakutanga, nokuti kwenguva refu nguva yaigarwa kutungamirira nzvimbo zvarakanakira ukama. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, munhu yakajeka zvinoitwa rapprochement reRussia pamwe France uye England. The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1 akanga zvainanga vachisimbisa nzvimbo kweGungwa Dema pamhenderekedzo, uyewo nechokwadi kuchengeteka kumaodzanyemba kumiganhu ehurumende. Saka, musimboti nzvimbo yaigarwa mubvunzo Eastern, kunyanya kubata pamwe hweOttoman Empire. Black Sea panguva iyi kwaiva zvikuru kuti Russia.

matambudziko makuru

Mumwe wavo aiva nechokwadi kupfuura akanaka ezvinhu muGungwa Black Kwazvo - the Bosporus uye Dardanelles. Nemhaka vakasununguka chikamu zvomutengesi midziyo kuburikidza navo vachienda zvoupfumi kwesango kumatunhu ehurumende. The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1 yakanga zvakanangwa uye Caucasus. Russia anotsvaka rokuwedzera Holdings ayo munharaunda, kwokupedzisira Kudzikamiswa pamiganhu mudunhu, achivimbisa akachengeteka uye vakasununguka chokuita pakuunganidza achangobva nenharaunda. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi akaronga zvakasimba kubatana kuna Empire of eCaucasus.

Kutanga hondo Russian-Persian

The muvengi ari kukunda Caucasus ndima aiita Iran. Maererano runyararo chibvumirano pakati payo uye Russia, ekupedzisira akasimbisa pacharo nzvimbo huru kumabvazuva Transcaucasia uye kumadokero chikamu kweGungwa reCaspian nemhenderekedzo. Pakazosvika 20-s pamusoro XIX remakore, Iran (Persia) akatanga kutsvaka kudzoka Nagorno-Karabakh uye Talysh khanate. At muruvazhe Shah akaumba Anti-Russian bato ane zvakakwana guru simba. Somugumisiro, hondo yakatanga. Mukuru mukuru wehondo Iran akanga achironga sitiroko mumwe kubvisa Russia kubva zvarinoroora pamusoro Transcaucasian ndima.

kuwedzera simba

The vatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1 hazvirevi rechiuto chiito. Akasvika choushe, Kesari akawana zvikuru kuoma ukama pakati Turkey uye Russia. Asi aiona kukodzera kutanga vachirwira nevaGiriki. Pakutanga, Russia pamwe United Kingdom yakapa nedzenyu kumanikidza Turkey. Kutanga thirties zviri XIX remakore aiva akapfuma zvikuru nguva zvose kuMiddle East uye European negwara. Muna 1830-31-ies. wave pakati nokumukirana vakapfuura Europe. I mwoyo uye Russia. Pakarepo pashure pokupedza hwePezhiya Turkish muhondo Empire yasvika zvaipesana Poland. Kumukira munyika vakabatsira kuti echimurenga ezvinhu muFrance uye Belgium. Somugumisiro, muna 1830 takatanga rakavhurika Mhirizhonga Warsaw. Romanov chigaro akazivisa pachigaro muPoland. A hurumende dikidiki rakaumbwa. Akasika neuto vapanduki. Pakutanga, vakanga vakabudirira. Zvisinei, mauto akanga dzisakarurama. Nokukurumidza Mauto vamambo akakurira kumukirawo. Maererano Chirevo rakabudiswa muPoland akanzi chinhu chinokosha Russia. By pakuguma forties zvitsva, inozezesa sefungu kumukira wakamuka pamusoro Western ndima European. In France Revolution yakatanga 1848, muna February; muGermany, Moldavia, wallachia, Italy neAustria - muchirimo. Zviitiko Nicholas 1 anoonekwa somunhu rakananga kutyisidzira autocracy kuRussia. Zvinonzi panyaya iyi, akasarudza Zvinoshingaira iri kudzvinyirira pamusoro echimurenga kufamba.

ari yepashure pehondo

Pashure kuguma nokumukirana mu Europe ine 1848-49-ies. Nicholas 1 rebasa zvainanga kusimbisa panzvimbo umambo. The chokutanga chaiva nyaya Black Sea dzamushore. Pasi zvibvumirano simba panguva wokuRussia Navy akavhura nzira yokuti vari Dardanelles uye Bosphorus. Panguva Nikolai 1 akaedza kusimbisa enyika simba iri muBalkan Peninsula. Nokuda Turkey England vaifungidzira kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro muAsia Minor, uyewo Caucasian nendima, uye nokudaro kusunda Russia kubva kutumirwa Lanes. The Crimean War akaratidza hwokugadzira uye sangano backwardness yeRussian mamiriro kubva Western kunyika.

Zvakabuda vavatorwa wokuti Nicholas 1

Russian kuvhiringidzwa muzvinhu European, chido kudzivirira yekare wakatsamwisa kushatirwa worupo yeChina. Russian mambo kunyange mune zita remadunhurirwa rokuti. Akange pakunzi "ari gendarme muEurope." Somugumisiro, vanhu nehurumende dzimwe nyika hazvina kufanana Russia uye vaitya wake kuita mambo vanozvikudza. Vakafara chero mukana kuparadza simba uye simba Empire muzvinhu European.

In mhedziso

Pamusoro apa ari vavatorwa Politika Nikolaya 1. tafura anoratidza kukosha zvakaitika panguva yokutonga kwake. Vanoratidza musimboti yamambo basa.