Mhando connective zvinyama mamiriro uye mashandiro

Muvanhu, pane zvakawanda siyana tishu. Vose nezvaanoita muupenyu hwedu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane connective tishu. Its chaiyo kurema anenge 50% womunhu uremu. Zviri kubatana unobatanidza pamwechete vose nyama yedu. It zvinoenderana mamiriro vazhinji mashandiro anoita muviri womunhu. Zvinotevera vanoonekwa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana connective tishu.

tsananguro

Connective zvinyama, marongerwo uye kushanda zvange vadzidza emakore akawanda, ndiye basa zhinji nadzo uye hurongwa. dzakananga giravhiti Its kunobva 60 kusvika 90% yavo uremu. Anoumba munhu rutsigiro puranga, akadana stroma, uye integument nhengo, akadana dermis. Main zviri connective tishu:

• zvakafanana kwakabva mesenchymal;
• STRUCTURAL fanano;
• achiita rutsigiro mabasa.

The chikuru Chikamu yakasimba connective zvinyama rinoreva fibrous mhando. Inoitwa elastin uye collagen fibers. Pamwe epithelial connective zvinyama chinhu chinokosha ganda. Panguva iyoyo kunobatanidza pamwe chete tsandanyama fibers.

Connective zvinyama yakasiyana chaizvo vamwe kuti ngachipiwe mumuviri 4 dzakasiyana inoti:

• faibha (nemarunda, nemarunda, fascia);
• nesimba (pfupa);
• gel (shwashwa, majoini);
• Urume (node, ropa, intercellular, synovial, cerebrospinal mvura).

Uyewo, vamiririri ichi mhando rejira vari: sarcolemma, mafuta, extracellular chizvaro, Iris, sclera, microglia.

The nemamiriro connective tishu

Zvinosanganisira masero yatarwa (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) vanoumba nechigadziko zvinhu. It anewo fibrous inotungamirwa. Dzinomirira intercellular fuma. Uyezve, rine masero mahara siyana (mafuta, kutsvakatsvaka, vakafutisa uye vamwe.). Connective zvinyama iri rinoumbwa extracellular chizvaro (chawo). Mondo-kufanana kwemashoko nefuma imhaka kwayo sezvamunoita. Matrix munhu zvikuru hydrated gel achiumbwa nemupristi samolecular uremu yeimwe. Vanoumba vanenge 30% of kurema intercellular fuma. Saka dzasara 70% ndiyo mvura.

Kupatsanura pakati connective munyama

The kupatsanura kwaiita zvinyama rakaoma nokuda-siyana avo. Saka, marudzi ayo chikuru vakakamurwa, uyewo ane kuparadzana mapoka. Kusiyanisa marudzi anotevera:

• Chaizvoizvo connective zvinyama iyo penzvimbo fibrous uye yakananga, zvakasiyana chaiwo ehupfumi. Chokutanga rakakamurwa: inotsikwa gobvu (non-zvinoyerera uye Clearance), uye wechipiri - ari mafuta, reticular, mucous, ruvara.
• The marangwanda, iyo rakakamurwa shwashwa uye mapfupa.
• Trophic, kuti izvo ropa uye node.

Chero connective zvinyama anosarudza mashoko chadzo uye morphological kuvimbika muviri. Ane vakadaro mamirire zvinhu:

• tishu specialization;
• pakawanda;
• multifunctionality;
• anochinjika;
• polymorphism uye multicomponent.

General mabasa ose connective tishu

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana connective zvinyama kuita zvinotevera mabasa:

• STRUCTURAL;
• Urongwa mvura-munyu pachiyero;
• trophic;
• zvokuimba kudzivirirwa dehenya;
• mumwe Kuumbwa (semuenzaniso, chimiro ziso riri pakutsvaga sclera);
• nechokwadi nguva dzose pamusoro tishu permeability;
• zvetsandanyama nemapfupa zvemaziso (shwashwa uye pfupa, nemarunda uye aponeuroses);
• unodzivirira (immunology uye phagocytosis);
• mapurasitiki (kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva zvakatipoteredza, muchikuvadza kupodza);
• homeostatic (kuita zvinokosha kwacho ichi muviri).

Kazhinji mashoko, mashandiro ari connective tishu:

• achivadzidzisa womunhu chimiro Kugadzikana, simba;
• kudzivirirwa, uye remubatanidzwa unhani viscera pakati pavo.

Huru basa huri intercellular fuma connective tishu rutsigiro. Nheyo rake rinopa muupenyu muviri. Neural uye connective rinenge uye anopa kudyidzana-siyana nhengo hurongwa hwavo murau.

Sechivako-siyana micheka

The nemamiriro connective zvinyama dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana ayo mhando. Inoitwa masero siyana uye intercellular fuma. A pachena chinoratidza rejira ichi - yakakwirira rokuzvivandudza rakaita kuti irambe chinzvimbo. It kunoratidzwa plasticity uye kwadzakabva zvakanaka kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza. Chero mhando connective zvinyama akure tichiregeredza kubereka uye kuchinja masero vaduku undifferentiated. Ivo zvinobviswa mesenchyme, iro rinomiririra embryo zvinyama aumba kubva mesoderm (pakati utachiona rukoko).

Intercellular fuma inonzi extracellular chizvaro, ine muzvizhinji dzakasiyana yeimwe (inorganic uye Organic). Zviri pamusoro sezvamunoita yavo uye uwandu kunobva kusachinja-chinja uye connective tishu. Zvakadai zvinokuvadza, sezvo ropa uye node ane ayo sezvamunoita intercellular fuma iri mvura, inonzi plasma. Shwashwa chizvaro ane chimiro gel. Intercellular fuma pfupa uye mudzira fibers vari zvakasimba insoluble zvinhu.

Rine extracellular chizvaro mapuroteni akadai elastin uye collagen, proteoglycans uye glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Chimiro zvacho zvingasanganisira STRUCTURAL mapuroteni laminin uye fibronectin.

Loose uye batana connective tishu

kwemarudzi aya connective zvinyama zvine marongerwo masero uye extracellular chizvaro. In zvavo inotsikwa zvizhinji kupfuura vari batana. In yokupedzisira hunodzorwa dzakasiyana-siyana fibers. Mashandiro anoita nyama idzi pakutsvaga reshiyo masero uye intercellular zvinhu. Zvakasiyana-siyana-connective zvinyama anoita kunyanya trophic ushande. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo rinobatanidzwa pakutsigira zvokuimba basa. Shwashwa, pfupa uye dzine fibrous connective zvinyama mumuviri ushande zvetsandanyama nemapfupa zvokuimba ushande. Vamwe - trophic uye anodzivirira.

Loose connective tishu

Unformed sunungurai fibrous connective zvinyama, marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita izvo kunorondedzerwa masero ayo, inowanikwa nhengo dzose. In vazhinji vavo anoumba hwaro (stroma). Inoitwa collagen uye kwakavharwa nenyama fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, yeplasma masero. jira Izvi pamwe midziyo kweropa hurongwa. Kuburikidza zvayo anongoremberera faibha ndiwo muitiro masero ropa muviri, umo kuchinja kunoitika zvinovaka muviri kubva muna tishu.

The intercellular fuma iri 3 siyana fibers:

• Collagen kuti vaende kwakasiyana-siyana. fibers izvi vane chimiro yakarurama uye undulated tambo (constrictions). ukobvu ravo 1-4 microns.
• Kwakavharwa nenyama, zvishoma mukobvu collagen fibers. Vari akabatana (anastomosed) kune mumwe, pova shirokopletistuyu Network.
• Reticular hwokuratidza mutete yavo. Ivo dzakarukwa mu pajira riya.

Cellular zvinhu sunungurai fibrous tishu vari:

• Fibroblasts, inova kupfuura vazhinji. Vane chokurukisa chimiro. Vakawanda vavo vari vakapakata yakatesvera panyanga dzacho. Fibroblasts vanokwanisa bereka. Vanotora chikamu pakugadzirwa chikuru fuma iyi mhando rejira, ari maererano fibers ayo. Masero aya berekai collagen uye elastin, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu ari extracellular chizvaro. Vakaneta fibroblasts anonzi fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - ndivo masero kuti anogona kugaya uye tichiwana extracellular chizvaro. Ndivo fibroblasts vakura.
• Macrophages, iyo inogona wakatenderera, elongated uye kutadza zvitarisiko. Masero aya anogona kugaya uye kufambisa utachiona uye necrotic rinenge neutralize muchetura. Ivo dzinoshanda paumbwe kutapata. Vari akakamurwa gistotsity (ari quiescent state) uye iripo (kutsvakatsvaka) masero. Macrophages vari kuzivikanwa kwavo kukwanisa amoeboid kufamba. Maererano dzakavapo ivo monocytes ropa.
• The mafuta masero vanokwanisa kuunganidza ari cytoplasm pamusoro kuchengeterwa Nehunde dziri samadonhwe. Ndivo idenderedzwa mu chimiro uye anogona kubvisa zvimwe STRUCTURAL chairema munyama. Izvi zvikonzero gobvu adipose connective tishu. Inochengetedza muviri kubva pakupisa kurasikirwa. Muvanhu, kuti adipose zvinyama iri runonyanya pasi ganda pakati zvomukati, ari stuffing bhokisi. Rakakamurwa chena uye shava.
• Plasma masero intestinal munyama, mwongo uye node nodes. Izvi duku STRUCTURAL dzakabatana dziri kusiyaniswa vakakomba dzavo kana denderedzwa chimiro. Ivo basa rinokosha mumuviri paaizvidzivirira enyika. Somuenzaniso, muna kwetunhu antibody. Plasma masero kubereka globulins ropa, iro basa rinokosha mune chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri.
• Masero Mast kazhinji vanodiwa zvinyama basophils vanoonekwa ne the yavo. In cytoplasm yavo ine chaiwo granules. Vakauya zvitarisiko siyana. Masero aya riri munyama zvomukati zvose kuti vane marongera unzenza connective tishu unformed. It rinoumbwa zvinhu zvakadai heparin, hyaluronic acid, histamine. chinangwa chavo yakananga - the secretion izvi zvinhu uye murau pamusoro microcirculation munyama. Ivo vanoonekwa zvirwere mumasero kwakadai zvinyama uye vane basa chero kuzvimba uye neutachiona. Zvinyama basophils vari pfungwa kumativi midziyo ropa uye node nodes pasi ganda dzvuku mumwongo chirwatata.
• masero ruvara (melanocytes) vane zvikuru mapazi chimiro. Ivo ane rwe-melanin. Masero aya anowanikwa ganda uye maziso ose ziso. By mavambo secrete ectodermal masero, uyewo nomukaka zviri kunzi Neural penyika.
• Adveptitsialnye masero, izvo dziri pamwe neropa midziyo (capillaries). Vari kuzivikanwa kwavo elongated chimiro uye vari nepakati core. Izvi STRUCTURAL zvidzidzo zvinogona kuwanda oshandura kupinda dzimwe mhando. Panguva mari yavo pane kupedziswa masero akafa pamusoro tishu.

Gobvu fibrous connective tishu

For connective zvinyama zvinoreva jira:

• Makobvu unformed randinogara vakawanda dzine akaronga fibers. Rinosanganisira vashoma masero dzinongoda therebetween.
• Gobvu kwemanyorero, kusiyaniswa chaiyo urongwa connective tishu fibers. Ndicho chikuru chivakwa zvinhu nemarunda uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Somuenzaniso, mudzira kuumbwa nokunyatsotevera munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva dzakafanana puchochkami collagen fibers, nzvimbo pakati iyo yakazadzwa kumboenda nenhumbi uye nhete kwakavharwa nenyama network. Dzine fibrous connective zvinyama iyi mhando rine chete fibroblasts-masero.

Akapora kwazviri achiri kwakavharwa nenyama faibha, iyo ine zvakawanda mwanda (izwi). Izvi, kuti goko aumba kumativi dzose, trachea uye rusvingo principales. Ivo flattened kana vakagumisa gobvu kwakavharwa nenyama fibers zvinofanana, uye vakawanda vavo branching. The nzvimbo pakati pavo anotora anongoremberera kwemashifiti connective tishu.

shwashwa

Coupling masero akaumba cartilaginous zvinyama uye yakakura Vhoriyamu intercellular fuma. Rakagadzirirwa kuita zvokuimba mabasa. Kune 2 mhando masero dzichiumbwa jira ichi:

1. Chondrocytes, ane denderedzwa chimiro uye core. Ivo zvinowanika capsules, izvo vakapararira kumativi intercellular fuma.
2. Chondroblasts, izvo vechiduku masero flattened. Vari arikunze ari shwashwa.

Nyanzvi vagovane shwashwa kupinda 3 mhando:

• Hyaline, zvichiitika siyana zvomukati, dzakadai mbabvu, majoini, Airways. Intercellular zvacho shwashwa translucent. It ane kusachinja-chinja wakatsetseka. Hyaline shwashwa akafukidzwa perichondrium. Rine rinokwanisa kucheneruka-chena Hue. It rine marangwanda embryo.
• Kwakavharwa nenyama, inova chivakwa zvinhu zviri dokeriro, iyo epiglottis, ari kwokunze nzeve Canal masvingo, shwashwa ari auricle chikamu, diki principales. kwakavharwa nenyama fibers dzinokudziridzwa kwaro intercellular fuma. shwashwa ichi haisi karusiyamu.
• Collagen ndiro hwaro intervertebral discs, menisci, ari symphysis pubis, uye sternoclavicular vadyi. extracellular chizvaro Its unotora munhu gobvu fibrous connective zvinyama, zvinosanganisira yakafanana collagen fibers puchochkov.

Izvi mhando connective zvinyama, zvisinei nzvimbo mumuviri ine nhau. Inonzi perichondrium. It rinoumbwa fibrous gobvu rinenge riine kwakavharwa nenyama uye collagen fibers. It ane vakawanda tsinga nemidziyo ropa. Shwashwa ari kukura nemhaka Kushandurwa STRUCTURAL pezvokuvamba perichondrium. Panguva iyoyo vari kukwanisa nokukurumidza rokuchinja. Izvi STRUCTURAL zvinhu tinoshandurirwa masero shwashwa. jira Izvi pachake peculiarities ayo. Saka extracellular chizvaro noruzivo shwashwa haina midziyo ropa, saka zviri dzinofambiswa nomukombiyuta diffusion kuti zvinhu kubva perichondrium. jira ichi kunoratidzwa kwayo mukana wokushandiswa, zviri nemishonga kufurirwa uye ane softness yakakwana.

Unobva pfupa tishu

Payakabatanidzwa pfupa riri kunyanya pokuoma. Izvi imhaka calcification waro intercellular fuma. The chikuru kushanda connective zvinyama repfupa - kutsigira-zvokuimba. Pazviri akavaka zvose mapfupa marangwanda. The chikuru STRUCTURAL zvinhu web:

• Osteocytes (pfupa masero), vane kunzwisisa chimiro Process. Vane tsindirana chinoumba rima kwerima guru. Masero aya anowanika pfupa in, wölf ari contours ari osteocytes. Vanoda therebetween intercellular fuma. masero aya havakwanisi bereka.
• Osteoblasts, pfupa chinhu STRUCTURAL maatomu akafanana. Vane kumativi chimiro. Mune vamwe vavo pane nuclei dzakawanda. Osteoblasts vari periosteum.
• Osteoclasts, izvo multinucleated masero guru munyaya pakuparadzwa calcified mapfupa uye shwashwa. Kwoupenyu hwomunhu pane kuchinja urongwa jira. Panguva iyoyo pakaparara muitiro rinoitwa nokuumbwa zvinhu zvitsva yomuka panzvimbo nokuparadzwa, uye periosteum. In kunzwisisa ichi kwaisanganisirawo wokutsiva masero, osteoclasts uye osteoblasts.

Bone rinenge unotora ari intercellular fuma zvinosanganisira amorphous zvevhu fuma. Pane osseinovye faibha dzisina kuwanikwa dzimwe nhengo. For connective zvinyama zvinoreva jira:

• zvinonyadzisa-fibered zvatinoudzwa embryo;
• shizha, kuwanika vana nevakuru.

Izvi mhando rejira anoumbwa zvakadai STRUCTURAL dzakabatana sezvo mafupa ndiro. It chakaumbwa masero ari kunyanya capsules. Pakati pavo pane wakaisvonaka-fibered intercellular fuma, rine karusiyamu munyu. Osseinovye fibers kuva yakawanda ukobvu, mune mapfupa ndiro foredeck yakafanana hama kune mumwe. Vanovata mune imwe negwara. Iri pedyo pfupa mahwendefa pakati fibers ndivo perpendicular kutungamirirwa vamwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinoita munhu simba kukuru jira.

Bone ndiro iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri dziri kurongwa imwe kuti. Ndivo Dzokuvaka sandara, tubular uye mapfupa yakavhenganiswa. Pose mahwendefa aya anotaura zviri dzakaoma gadziriro. Somuenzaniso, mashoko tubular mapfupa rinoumbwa 3 akaturikidzana:

• Outdoor, sezvamakaropafadzwa pamusoro pemvura ndiro bindepinde pakati STRUCTURAL vamapoka zvinotevera mashoko rukoko. Zvisinei, havasi kuumba mhete wakakwana.
• Middle akaumba osteons, umo pfupa mahwendefa kuumbwa kumativi midziyo ropa. Muchiitiko chino, vari vakaronga concentrically.
• Internal, sezvamakaropafadzwa marongera repfupa ndiro rinokutadzisa nzvimbo apo mumwongo.

Mapfupa vanokura uye akadzorerwa nokuda kufukidza dzavo chokunze pose periosteum zvinosanganisira connective zvinyama uye osteoblasts wakaisvonaka faibha. Mineral munyu kuona simba ravo. With yokushomeka mavhitamini uye hormone zvirwere karusiyamu kugutsikana akanga yekudyidzana ipfupi. Mapfupa dzinoumba marangwanda. Panguva mapfundo dzinomirira zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa.

Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa connective tishu simba

simba kukwana pamusoro collagen fibers, mumwe neutera ligamentous midziyo inogona kukonzera zvakakura zvirwere zvakadai scoliosis, flat, hypermobility majoini, nhengo prolapse, retinal yokuzviparadzanisa, zvirwere ropa, sepsis, osteoporosis, osteochondrosis, neronda rinonyenga, edema, rheumatic fivha, cellulitis. Nyanzvi dzakawanda munhu pathological mamiriro connective zvinyama zvinosanganisira kwakaderera dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri, sezvo basa kweropa uye nhengo dzinobudisa nehurongwa.