The Mhando chikuru mhuka. Animal mhando: kupatsanura

Maererano nedzidziso yemhindumupindu, mhando dzose zvipenyu panyika zvishoma nezvishoma, nokuti mamiriyoni akawanda emakore, vakashanduka-shanduka kubva kumadzitateguru avo unicellular. Utachiona More kunzwisisa chinowanzoitika vavapo kubva mapoka zvakapfava. Inogona yakawana kana kupfuura kuongorora mhando chikuru mhuka. The kupatsanura runoparadzanisa zvisikwa zvose munzvimbo marudzi, mhuri, mirairo, makirasi maererano nechivako dzavo uye nechokunze zviratidzo, dzakanga vawana munguva shanduka kukura.

Kutanga marudzi itsva munyama mhuka, paiva mitumbi kuti haana zviripo madzitateguru yekare. The kutanga kwekupwanyiwa mberi ichi inogona kuonekwa sechipanji. In coelenterates kare zvakakwana akaratidza endoderm uye ectoderm, uye dzidziso dzekuvamba tsandanyama. The epamusoro mhando mhuka dzinoratidzwa kunzwisisa maumbirwo tsinga uye dzimwe nhengo enyika. Kuti tinzwisise shanduka kudiwa kufunga nezveupenyu hwavo inokosha zvinhu.

zvokutanga

zvisikwa izvi roga rine sero rimwe chete marongerwo. Masayendisiti kuziva anenge 15,000 mhando majemusi. muviri wavo chimiro yakasiyana, kubva wakaisvonaka-up TOUR asymmetric. Kazhinji kuumba mapoka dzakaoma unobvumira masayendisiti kufungidzira sei chero mhando dzemhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Akakamurwa makirasi, zvichienderana nzira rwokufamba muviri marongerwo.

sechipanji

Chinonyanya chinyakare zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge. Vanorarama kunyanya mugungwa. Vari rakakamurwa nemakirasi matatu, zvichienderana skeletal marongerwo. Lifestyle kwavari chaidzo. Mamwe mhuka umambo ivo vanopikiswa, nokuti sechipanji havasi yakananga nhengo uye munyama. Pane yokunze, kudzivirira muviri pachiso, uye rukoko yomukati rinoumbwa masero chaiwo chipika flagellated. Pakati pavo hakuna mesoglea - dzimwe nguva zvikuru muhombe muchitokisi boka, chikamu iyo anoumba munhu marangwanda.

coelenterates

Mitumbi yemhuka idzi ine mbiri chete akaturikidzana masero kuti vakombe muviri mhango, akadana intestinal, mumwe muromo yokutanga. Nhaka zvokuvamba huta uye tsandanyama tishu. Kweropa uye excretory hurongwa haisi. Lifestyle coelenterates riri ndakagara kana svobodnopodvizhnym. Rarama, kusara shoma, muna yomugungwa uye zvinoumba makuru dzaitongwa. Izvi mhando rinosanganisira muramba, korari hydroids uye gungwa anemones.

flatworms

Ploskotelye zvisikwa kuti vane kutanga excretory ino uye uropi. The horo richiri chinoshayikwa. Vamiriri ichi mhando - hermaphrodites. To ichi mhando ndezvomunhu ciliated nehonye kana turbellarians, uyewo vamwe tupukanana - limenitis uye flukes.

roundworms

Kuva nemukanwa uye nokunobuda netsvina mawindo chokuita ura. Main boka - nematodes, kusanganisira zvipukanana zhinji, asi pane vakasununguka-zvipenyu zvipenyu. Izvi bofu bazi shanduka kwohumwe kukanganisa pamusoro pokumuka zvipenyu, boka iri vasina. Izvi mhando zvinosanganisira zvakawanda bvudzi-honye, rotifers uye tupukanana, izvo kazhinji kubatwa mapoka.

annelids

Mitumbi yemhuka dzakadaro akaumbwa nomumwe zvikamu. Nhaka kweropa ezvinhu, mukuru tichikwanisa patsva muzvidimbu zvokuvamba chinyakare uye yechipiri muviri mhango. Mumwe, zvikuru yakatanga mhando mhuka umambo dzisingadi pasi pokudzora kuchinja izvi. Kubva Marine annelid nehonye kwaive vamiririri boka arthropods.

clams

Animals, riri kazhinji nyoro muviri akadzivirirwa singi. Varidzi zvikuru tsinga yechipiri muviri mhango. Kwaiva pfungwa uye mwoyo - mhasuru kuti pumps ropa. In bivalves kusiyanisa pakati hunde uye gumbo mu gastropod - musoro. Vanorarama mugungwa uye mvura yakachena, uye panyika.

echinoderms

Vagere megungwa. Kukura vamiririri kupfuura haapfuuri 50 cm. Type nemakirasi rinosanganisira gungwa urchins, nyeredzi, Roses, maruva uye nevamwe. Lifestyle wakaiswa, saka akatanga rakasiyana kuti echinoderms-nzira shanu symmetry. The vamiririri mhando ane kweropa gadziriro, mezodermichesky zvemukati marangwanda.

Arthropoda

Akabvumira marudzi kwazvo yakakura. Hazvina boka iri ndivo arthropods. Izvi mhando - kupfuura siyana uye akapfuma mhuka. The maitiro zvinhu ndiwo kuvapo kunzwisisa-mhando anonzwa yasarudzwa dzaiita zvinoshandiswa - tunonzwa, kuparadzana pachena muviri muzvikamu, migumo, iine zvikamu zvimwe zvokufambisa kufamba. Development dzaidzidziswa arthropods yakatotsakatika trilobites uye chinyakare mapoka, inova mubereki crustaceans uye arachnids, kusvikira kumusoro zvinobhururuka nezvipembenene. Millipedes vanoonekwa kuti kuva Transitional kubatana dzidziso iyi mhando.

kodhi

Type kunosanganisira mhando uye makirasi, siyana nechitarisiko chavo, mararamiro, zvakatipoteredza. Mhando tsinga kwemhuka United yakaumbwa pamusoro dorsal chikamu muviri chubhu, inova musimboti ose zvizhinji harinzwi iyo inodzivirira notochord, shwashwa kana pfupa tsvimbo, skeletal rutsigiro. Development wevamiriri mumakirasi akasiyana kunogona yakawana kubudikidza lichinkohordovyh uye bescherepnyh (Amphioxus) kuti zvikuru primates, dzakachenjera zvikuru.

hove

Kune cartilaginous, akafukidza kana myasistolopastnye, pfupa. Vamiririri boka rokutanga vane gobvu ganda placoid yaingowanikwa pamakwande dzavo. Roth iri yepazasi rutivi muviri, hapana chiedza uye dzinoshambira dundira, kuti marangwanda chinosanganisira shwashwa.

Lobe hove rakakamurwa lungfish uye Crossopterygii. Ekupedzisira vanomirirwa nhasi genus imwe chete, vaigara Indian Ocean. Vanofanira chaizvo zvakafanana madzitateguru amphibians, uye vari kufarira nokuti vanotsvakurudza, vanotsigira dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Lungfish vane gills nemapapu.

Bone - chakakura chikamu ano vamiririri veboka hove. Uve dzinoshambira dundira, uye yakasimba marangwanda; Ganda iri kunyanya yakafukidzwa mafunurwa, asi pane zvakawanda kunze.

amphibia

Sezvo kutonga, mazana zvisikwa izvi fema kuburikidza gills uye kurarama mumvura. The mukuru ndiye chiedza, uye anogara panyika. Skin moisturized uye isina bvudzi kana pachiyero. kirasi iyi zvinosanganisira matatya, newts, toads, salamanders.

nezvinokambaira

Muviri wafukidzwa chikero, uye kurarama munyika uye mumvura. Munguva dzekare, boka iri akatonga pakati vakasara nhamba, asi pashure huru nzvimbo inogarwa mhuka. Vane dzakasiyana-siyana hukuru, muviri chimiro, mararamiro. Nemakarwe, madzvinyu, nyoka, nenjiva vanobva nezvinokambaira.

shiri

Anatomically akafanana zvinokambaira, asi ivo vaiva nemano vakazvimirira kuramba muviri wavo tembiricha pasinei zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. In shiri, zvakakwana kuumbwa lightweight, zvina-chambered mwoyo uye mapapiro kuti kubvumira vazhinji kufamba nomumhepo.

mhuka

Saka zita nekuda kuvapo dzinokosha mumasero chakavigwa ivo zvokudya vaduku vavo. Muviri Kazhinji ane mvere, ivo ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo, maoko nemakumbo subsumed pasi muviri uye kutumirwa mberi. In dzakakwirira mhuka, primates, kukudziridza njere kuti inoita chaizvo kuti tipone.

Mhando mhuka zvokudya

venyama All vari muzvikamu 3 mhando maererano muitiro zvokudya:

• Herbivores. Vapedzei miriwo zvokudya chete - algae, uswa, mashizha, kana michero. Somuenzaniso, Elk, nondo, tsuro.

• Zvikara. Nyama kudya zvipembenene kana dzimwe mhuka. Somuenzaniso, datya, ingwe, yokuSpain.

• Omnivorous. Zvichienderana ambient ezvinhu, unogona kudya zvose chirimwa uye mhuka zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, nebere, chickadee, mhuka musii.

gungwa upenyu

Madzitateguru yekare zvipenyu zviri zvishoma kuuya kubva mugungwa, iyo yakava paucheche woupenyu Earth. vaitamira Izvi zvinogona kuitika nenzira dzakawanda - kuburikidza nemhenderekedzo panyika, mune Freshwater kana mukudhinda mumapako. Nokuda achinje pokugara achinja uye nani mhando munyama mhuka dzakanga zvakakodzera kupona. Mamwe mapoka - hove huru, nezvinokambaira uye neshiri - uye ipapo vakadzokera mugungwa pashure shanduka nzira refu.

Zvino vamiriri vakawanda zvidzidzo zvinowanikwa mugungwa kana pedyo naro. marudzi vazhinji mhuka, kunyanya invertebrates kuramba kuchinja mamiriyoni kwemakore uye muri zvinokosha kudzidza. Mamwe zvikuru mhuka vanoonekwa kuti mudiki, asi kudzidza akabatsira zvinoratidza nemagene kubatana pakati raiita akasiyana. Izvi rakakura kukanganisa kuzadziswa kubatana murume ane hunhu uye kunzwisisa hombe zvakafanana. zvipenyu.