The Kingdom kweJerusarema: nechigadziko uye upenyu muumambo

Hazvina chakavanzika kuMiddle East pari chimwe chezvinhu rakabvongodzwa kumatunhu zvenyika, uye kubva ipapo kutyisidzira European budiriro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti midzi idzi mananara anofanira kutsvaka makadzika emakore, nekuti ivo iimba ungira kuti muHondo. Ndokusaka kuti kunzwisisa zvinokonzera vamabvazuva uye West, uyewo kuti vawane nzira rugare coexistence, vamwe vatsvakurudzi dzinorumbidza ukanyatsoongorora nhoroondo. Somuenzaniso, kufarira Kingdom weJerusarema, County pamusoro Edessa uye kunyika pedyo, uko vaKristu vakabva Europe uye nezvizvarwa zvavo pakupedzisira vakadzidza kurarama murunyararo veko vaMuslim vakawanda.

prehistory

Kingdom kweJerusarema akazviratidza panyika mepu muna 1099 pamusana kubatwa kubudikidza Dzorudzidziso eguta apo Muponesi pamuchinjikwa. Ivo vakasvika munzvimbo iri kudana Pope Urban II, uko kukumbira kudzivirira vaKristu kubva vokuTurkey akashandura Byzantine Emperor Alexius kutanga. Izvi pashure Hondo Manzikert. Byzantine kukundwa kwakatungamirira kurasikirwa Armenia uye nechokumabvazuva Asia Minor, izvo, maererano kare, aiva mavambo kuguma hwacho ichi chikuru. Uyezve, kwaiva runyerekupe pamusoro utsinye zvose Sunni uye Shia vaKristu Palestinian.

Kudzivirira vamwe haasi chete chikonzero kuti akamanikidza papa kuropafadza varwi pamusoro Hondo. Chokwadi ndechokuti nenguva ino zvakawanda Europe vagadze hwakanyatsorwisa kugadzikana, uye zviuru vakanyatsodzidziswa Knights vakasiyiwa pasina basa, izvo zvakazoita musazonetsanazve nezvombo zvikuru achinyengedza zviitiko. Achivatuma kuMiddle East akapa nyika, uye akapa tariro zvoupfumi kukura mune ramangwana (nokuda mikombe).

Pakutanga, kusunungurwa kweJerusarema akanga asiri urongwa Dzorudzidziso. Zvisinei, gare gare vakashandura, uye July 15, 1099 guta rakanga ratorwa uye sacked ne ....

hwaro

The undisputed mutungamiri Crusader akanga Gotfrid Bulonsky, uyo Ages yaMakoronike ndiye zvose unhu hwakanaka pakati knight, vakatendeka mitemo yechiKristu. Umbwa Umambo Jerusaremu NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi uye earls akamukumbira kuti ave mubati mutsva mamiriro wokutanga. Kuramba zvechokwadi zvarinotaura, Godfrey akaramba korona, vachitsanangura nayo chokuti haangagoni orisunga kwose Muponesi aipfeka iye korona yeminzwa. Chinhu choga akabvuma - kutora rokuti "Airwira Mutsvene neguva."

Ushe mambo Umambo muJerusarema yokutanga

Gotfrid Bulonsky akafa muna 1100, vachisiya pasina womukomana. mukoma wake Baldwin pakarepo korona uye akazova mutongi Jerusarema, asi akatora mugove wakakombwa uye ake pokusunungurwa, sezvo akanga akabatikana pamwe kubatwa zviri Armenian ukuru Christian Taso, Tel Bashir, Ravendana uye Edessa. Uyezve, mune rokupedzisira guta-mamiriro akanga rakagamuchirwa mutongi toros uye akawana mwanasikana wake. Iye akaita nhoroondo sezvo mambokadzi yokutanga yeJerusarema Armenian Arda. Zvisinei, vakabva kuuraya baba vomurume atanga yake County pamusoro Edessa, Baldwin vakarambwa pane akavengwa Papa.

Zvisinei, ari unyanzvi wezvematongerwe enyika, Baldwin kutanga akawedzera Kingdom kuJerusarema, akatora maguta akawanda chiteshi, uye akava tenzi muAndiyoki uye Tripoli County. Uyewo naye pane nokuwedzera kwenhamba vagere chitendero Catholic.

Baldwin akafa muna 1118, akasasiya venhaka.

Kings Umambo muJerusarema pamberi Hondo Second

Mwana akatsiva Baldwin Rokutanga, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda munin'ina wake, uyo ari kuFrance, raiva munun'una wake - the Count pamusoro Edessa of Bourg. Paro kuwedzerwa gosudartva kumuganhu. Zvikurukuru, De Bourque akakwanisa kuita vatongi vari pasi memukuru hugota rokuSiriya - zviduku Bohemund II, muzukuru Mambo France, uye muna 1124, gore warinozokwidzwa Tire.

Long asati accession chake cheushe, kuti asimbise nzvimbo yaro mudunhu, Baldwin of Bourg akaroora mwanasikana Armenian muchinda Gabriel - (. Ona Zhan Rishar, "muchiLatin Kingdom kweJerusarema", chikamu chokutanga) Morphou. Iye akamupa murume vanasikana vatatu. The mukuru wavo - Melisende - akava wechitatu uye imwe yakakurumbira mambo weJerusaremu. Asati afa, baba vake akatora matanho vose mukwambo Ere - Fulk pamusoro Anjou - vasingagoni kumuramba uye zvakaitika choumambo kuvana vake kumuchato wake wokutanga. Kuti izvi zvidaro, panguva upenyu Baldwin II akazivisa yokutanga muzukuru wake, zita rake, uye mwanasikana co-vatongi.

Pashure Fulk umhondi kuvhima Melisende vakatsva pachake anotarisira umambo uye vakapiswa sezvo aidzivirira kuchechi uye unyanzvi.

Kuva munhu mukuru, mwanakomana wake mukuru Baldwin rechitatu akasarudza yakanga nguva kuita vashanu zvinogoneka Crusader Kingdom muJerusarema akasvika pasi pesimba rake. Akapinda nebope naamai vake, avo vakatiza pamwe Amaury munun'una wake. Somugumisiro kupindira nevafundisi vakapa Melisende mwanakomana aidzorwa paguta Nablus, asi iye akaramba kuita nedzenyu mabasa kubatsira umambo.

Hondo Second

Mushure mokuparara Edessa muna 1144-M Melisende akatumira tsamba kuna Pope achikumbira rubatsiro kusunungurwa County. It hauna kusiiwa mukana, uye papa akazivisa kushanda Second Hondo. Muna 1148 mauto European, akatungamirirwa French King Louis wechinomwe wake Eleanor pakati Aquitania, uye yokuGermany Emperor Conrad, akasvika muchiLatin Kingdom kweJerusarema. Kuva nemakore 18 okuberekwa, namajaya Baldwin wechitatu akaratidza mutongo zvakakwana, kutsigira nzvimbo raamai uye vake konisitebhuru vaitenda kuti tinofanira kurwisa Aleppo nekukurumidza kuzodzosera chitakuriso mureza Umambo Jerusarema Edessa. Asi akasvika madzimambo aiva mamwe zvirongwa. Vachirangana akandosungawo Dhamasiko, pasinei nokuti Crusader Umambo Jerusarema rave guta-mamiriro zvakanaka nedzenyu ukama. Somugumisiro, isu akakunda "vaeni" kubva Europe, vakazochinja vane nemafashamo migumisiro kuMiddle East vaKristu.

Takaenda kuDhamasiko uye Conrad Baldwin yakawana chinhu uye zvakamanikidzwa kusimudza wakakombwa. shure Christian akafuridzirwa vavengi vavo, uye kurasikirwa akuvadzwa kukuvadza zvikuru kurwa kugona Umambo muJerusarema. Saka pashure Louis uye Conrad uye nehondo yake akasiya kuMiddle East, mamiriro ezvinhu aripo yava zvakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kare.

Amaury kutanga

Baldwin Third padikidiki vakakwanisa kupedza chibvumirano neDhamasko, uye akahwina navo 1158 kusvika mukukunda kweGungwa reGarireya kudzorera aimbova mukurumbira munyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti mambo kuroorwa muzukuru of Byzantine mambo - Feodore Komnina. 4 Makore akazotevera namambo akafa, zvichida kubva muchetura, akasasiya venhaka.

Pakafa Baldwin Umambo Third Jerusarema akatungamirirwa munin'ina wake, uyo akakwira choumambo pasi zita First Amory. Muna 1157, akaroora Agnes De Courtenay - mukunda Count Edessy Zhoslena uye makuru-muzukuru ari Armenian mambo Kostandina First. The Church haadi kuropafadza muchato uyu, sezvo akanga mune muduku zimbuya, asi vakaramba. Vaviri ava vakava nevana vatatu: Sybil, Baldwin uye Alix. Zvisinei, Agnes akava mambokadzi, asi kwemakore akawanda anotevera remakore, madzimambo oUmambo Jerusarema racho zvakananga zvizvarwa.

Amaury kutanga akatungamirira ayo kuita kuti andobata nharaunda muIjipiti uye kuwedzera nawo munyika, kuti akanga abudirira rutivi. Panguva iyoyowo, iye vasanganiswa muchato yechipiri pamwe nemuzukuru iri Byzantine pamambo, Maria, kusimbisa ukama mamiriro ichi. Iye akamuberekera mwanasikana, Isabella.

Mamiriro kuMiddle East hwachinja kubva January 1169, Caliph al-Adid yakatarwa vizier ari ipapo zvishoma-anozivikanwa Saladin. Muna 1170, wokupedzisira nehondo nechisimba Kingdom Jerusarema uye nyika akakunda Eilat. nyaya dzose kune Amalric madzimambo vokutanga European vakasara vasingadavidzi. Muna 1974, iye kuzvipira kuraramisa akakomba Banias, iyo anowanzonzi kiyi kusuwo reJerusaremu. Kutadza vabudirire uye chibvumirano sefivha, akadzoka ake guru, apo akafa. Asati afa, akapa guta Nablus, mudzimai wake Mariya uye mwanasikana wavo Isabella rwevanhu uye akagadza mugari wenhaka mwanakomana Baldwin, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore 13 chete okuberekwa.

Vatongi voUmambo muJerusarema: zvizvarwa Amaury First

Paakangogara pachigaro, mukomana Baldwin chechina chakanga zvachose pasi pokudzora mai vake, Agnes of Courtenay. Nokukurumidza ndabatwa maperembudzi, uye chirwere ichi chaiva chikonzero chake mangwanani rufu (nemakore 24). Zvisinei, kubva richisvika vayaruka, uye kusvikira parufu rwake mambo wechiduku, pasinei chirwere, aifanira kuratidza pachake mutongi akachenjera.

Sezvo zvakanga pachena kuti jaya havaizokwanisa kusiya vana, hanzvadzi yake Sibylla akaroora Guillaume of Monferrato. Saka, zvava hama Mambo France uye naMambo Mutsvene hweRoma. The muchato haana kugara kwenguva refu, sezvo murume akafa mwedzi mishomanana pashure muchato, usingaoni kuberekwa mwanakomana wake Baldwin.

Zvichakadai, maperembudzi mambo akakunda hondo Shera al-Din mu hondo Monzhizare. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, musazonetsanazve vake hondo vaMuslim havana kumira kusvikira pakuguma norugare 1180. Zvadaro chirikadzi Sybil akaroorwa GI De Lusignan. Nokukurumidza, zvisinei, idzva mukarahwa vakarasikirwa nzvimbo namambo, uyo akasarudza kuti avo mugari wenhaka mucheche mwanakomana wehanzvadzi - Baldwin of Monferrato.

Muchirimo 1185, pashure pokufa sekuru vake, mukomana wacho akava mambo, asi akatonga chete pagore. The nyika ndokubereka muridzi murume wechipiri ramai vake kunobatsira - GI De Luzinyan, uyo pachena akapa Sybil korona, achibvisa kubva musoro wake. Saka, kunze ushe Balduina De Monferrato, Ardennes Anjou-muridzi neHurumende vari Dzorudzidziso iri Holy Land pamwe 1090 Mumakore 1185 (Richard, "muchiLatin Kingdom kweJerusarema", wokutanga chikamu).

Delivery weguta

Paitonga GI De Lusignan aiva zvinotyisa njodzi, izvo zvakaita kuti nyika hupere. Zvakangotanga akatanga Hondo Hattin muna 1187, apo umambo Jerusarema mauto vakakundwa varwi Shera vaGiriyedhi-Din. Pachake GI De Luzinyan yakatorwa, uye muna 1187 Sybil uye akakurumbira knight-crusader Balian of Ibelin vaimanikidzwa aronge kudzivirira Jerusarema. Mauto akanga dzisakarurama, uye zvakava pachena kuti vaKristu vakakomba akatyisidzirwa kuparadzwa. Balian of Ibelin akaratidza nyanzvi Wenyika, wakati makawana Kuregwa guta rinokudzwa mazwi. Abva Jerusarema, Sibylla akanyora al-Din Shera tsamba ine chikumbiro kusunungura munhu mumwe uye aigona zvakare naye 1188.

Crusader cheJerusarema muzana remakore rechi13

Muzhizha 1190 Sybil uye mwanasikana vakafa panguva denda chekorera. Kunyange zvazvo murume wake GI De Luzinyan akaramba aizviona mambo atonge nyika yakava Isabella - mwanasikana Amaury wokutanga kubva muchato wake wechipiri. Akanga vakarambana mudzimai wake wokutanga uye akaroora Conrad pamusoro Montferrat. Last ndakagamuchira nokusimbisa ake rokuremekedza, asi haana kuva nguva kuti korona, sezvo akaurayiwa vavaurayi maviri. mazuva 8 chete gare gare, Isabella, pamuviri mwanasikana wake, Mary, akaroora Henry Champagne, teerera zano Richard ari Lionheart. The muchato yakaguma pokufa wako ari tsaona. Zvadaro zvakare Isabella akanga akaroora mukoma GI De Lusignan, uyo akazozivikanwa Amaury II.

Mambo uye navahosi vakafira zvinenge panguva imwe chete muna 1205, zvichipomerwa kubva nomuchetura hove stale.

Vakanga Anotsiviwa mwanasikana mukuru Queen Maria of Monferrato. Akaroorwa Zhana De Brienne uye akafa pashure kusununguka. Mwanasikana wake Yolanda akanga korona, asi nyika yaitongwa baba vake. Pazera 13 akaroorwa mambo Mutsvene hweRoma. The roora Frederick II vakagamuchira zita ramambo muJerusarema uye wakanyengwa abatane kushingirira. In Palerme, mambokadzi akabereka mwanasikana uye mwanakomana, Conrad. Muna 1228, pashure vafa, Frederick vachienda Holy Land, iyo korona. Ikoko akawana chinhu kupfuura kutanga hondo pamwe Templars, kuedza andobata Acre, apo tateguru kwakanga. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, Kesari akachinja pfungwa dzake uye vakasarudza kutora zvombo, vachisiya yechiKristu vanhu veJerusarema umambo rakapotsa kuzvidzivirira.

Asati zvinonyadza chakavanzika kwokutizira kuti Europe, akarayira hurumende yaitonga Balanu Sidhoni.

change rokuremekedza

Point munhoroondo Crusader utongi muna Holy Land akaisa Khorezmians kubatwa umambo muna 1244. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumakore akatevera emakore mashomanana, vamwe European revatongi hwedzinza takaberekwa musoro mambo muJerusarema. Muna 1268, yakanga yabviswa. To vomutsiva rakavambwa musoro King Jerusarema uye Cyprus. Motokari yake yokutanga yaiva Hugo rechitatu - mwanakomana Isabella of Lusignan. Akashandura chiratidzo cheKupro, VaGumbo zviratidzo umambo Jerusarema. Zvizvarwa ake akatakura kuti zita kusvikira 1393. Pashure zvakanga zvachinja kubva Jacques aiva wokutanga uye achiri mambo Armenia.

Upenyu vanhuwo zvavo vari yechiKristu inoti iri Holy Land

Chizvarwa chitsva akaberekerwa muPalestine, vaiona nayo yokumusha kwavo uye mafungiro kuna Dzorudzidziso, vachangobva kusvika kubva Europe. Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva mitauro yeko uye wakawanikwa vakadzi vemamwe muzvitendero vechiKristu kuti hama vaigona kutsigira mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Panyaya iyi, kana vakuru vaigara mumaguta, vagari vemo - kunyanya Muslim - vaiita kurima. Mauto basa chete vaFrank, uye vaKristu Eastern vaisungirwa kupa nezvokudya.

In unyanzvi, mabhuku uye Multimedia zvinogadzirwa

The rinofarirwa kupfuura basa roUmambo muJerusarema aiva firimu Ridli Skotta "Humambo hweKudenga", iro rinotaura nhau pavanotaurirana pamwechete Shera al-Din hedu Jerusarema. Vamwe zviitiko munhoroondo Crusader inoti vakanga kunooneka mitambo yepakombiyuta. Somuenzaniso, muna Taka raMwari Creed. Zviya, rava kuwanikwa uye mutsva mufashoni Stainless simbi 6,1. The Kingdom kweJerusarema (inzwi, injini, nyika mhando uye mamiriro yoku-) pane iri kukurukurwa zvikuru sezvazviri, uye nharaunda yoga yoga ine zvaunazvo ayo.

Zvino munoziva anotonga zvakadai inoti Dzorudzidziso sezvo Umambo weJerusarema, County pakati Edessa neAndiyokiya, uye chii zvakaitika kuMiddle East mushure First Hondo uye chaiwo nokurasikirwa kuti vaKristu nharaunda kuzvidzora.