"The Green Revolution" uye nemigumisiro yayo

The dambudziko zvokudya underdeveloped nyika, kugadzikana kusvikira nhasi, hakuna zuro. Kuedza kugadzirisa kwayo nokusingaperi ashandiswe pamwero yakasiyana-siyana. Mune 40s remakore rechi20 muLatin America vakatanga kuchinja zvaizokonzera dzakakwirira goho, uye nokudaro vakwanise nyika idzi kuti pave zvakakwana zvigadzirwa okurima kuti zvinodiwa vagari vemo. transformations izvi vanonzi "pakuru". Zvechokwadi, kwave kune kuchinja. Vanova zvakanaka kana kunyanya zvinowedzerwa ezvinhu munyika dzinoshayiwa? Inokurukurwa pazasi.

Shoko rokuti "chimurenga zvakasvibirira" yakatanga kushandiswa muna 1968 ne V. Gaudio, Director of US Agency for International Development. Mutsara uyu akarondedzera kare kuona kuchinja mune zvokurima yeMexico uye Asia. Uye vakatanga chirongwa wokurera ari mangwanani 1940s, hurumende Mexico uye Rockefeller Foundation.

chikuru mabasa

Program okurima chiitiko munyika nzara huru zvinangwa kuisa ndeinotevera:

• Kugadzirwa mhando itsva yepamusoro goho husingakwanisi tupukanana uye zviitiko ekunze;
• Development uye uvandudze kuti kudiridzwa enyika;
• zvakawedzera kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye zvemakemikari fetiraiza uye ano okurima michina.

The "chimurenga zvakasvibirira" riri chokuita nezita American musayendisiti, akagamuchira muna 1970 Nobel Prize pamusana mupiro wake nekugadzirisa dambudziko zvokudya. This Norman Ernest Borlaug. Akanga achiparidza ruminant mhando itsva gorosi kubva kutanga zvitsva mapurogiramu zvokurima muMexico. Somugumisiro basa rake akagamuchirwa yevaenzi nemishonga mugiredhi ane pfupi hunde, uye zvibereko munyika yakawedzera 3 kane makore 15 okutanga.

Papera ruzivo kurima mhando itsva akatora pamusoro dzimwe nyika kuLatin America, India, kunyika Asia, Pakistan. Borlaug, uyo akataura kuti akanga ati "kupa nyika", akatungamirirwa International Gorosi Improvement Program, gare gare akaita mazano uye akatungamirira kudzidzisa.

Achitaura pamusoro kuchinja zvakaunzwa "pakuru", akanga akamira kwarwakabva musayendisiti akati kuti ichi ndicho chete kwekanguva kukunda, uye kuzivikanwa seane zvinetso Implementation iri kuwedzera zvokudya mapurogiramu munyika, uyewo pachena kwezvakatipoteredza kuvadza nyika.

The "pakuru" uye nemigumisiro yayo

Chii vaiva migumisiro zvinhu urwo rwakatora emakore siyana dzenyika? Vamwe nhamba. Pane uchapupu hwokuti uwandu macalorie nezuva zvokudya vanhu kusimukira yakawedzera 25%, uye vazhinji vanoti izvi kune kubudirira zvakaunzwa "pakuru". Izvi kwaiva mugumisiro munyika itsva uye kuwedzera mupunga goho uye minda gorosi wakatozviitirwa dzakabudirira munyika 15. 41 dzakasiyana-siyana mutsva gorosi rwaiwanikwa. By kuwedzera nzvimbo kurimwa munyika muna 10-15% kuwedzera goho aiva 50-74%. Zvisinei, kutendeuka ari kushanda asina kukanganiswa vanoshayiwa African nyika, kusanganisira nokuda kwokushayiwa pakukura vomunharaunda kwezvivako.

The marapirwo ndechokuti, kupfuura zvose, zviri nezvainoita biosphere. Zvisaririra zvinodhaka nokuda refu vakarambidza DDT nguva zvichiri kuwanikwa Antarctica. Nitrogen fetiraiza raikosha kukuvara nevhu uye shoma ndichibvunza kushandisa minda zvakaita kuti avo kutopedza okuneta. Vasina chokugadza kugadzira kuti kudiridzwa hurongwa zvakakonzera pakusvibiswa pemvura. Nhasi, ane ruzivo kuti pakuzadzisa mune mirayiridzo iyi kushanda ndaneta, uye nokudaro kwokuomerwa dambudziko zvokudya zvichaita chete kukura.

Uyewo, zvakawanda zvakataurwa pamusoro chii chaizvoizvo nemhaka "pakuru" dzichiri kusimukira zvazova mhando nyuchi zvokudya. The pamwero Agricultural Development mudzimba dzine achiri pasi, uye varimi vazhinji private vakafirwa nyika yavo yakaorera. Zvazvinosarira mubvunzo rakazaruka uye matambudziko ose GM zvokudya utano hwevanhu.