The dzidziso pamusoro populism. Revolutionary populism. Populism - iri ...

Zvatinoziva pamusoro populism? Zvichida tinofanira kudzamisa zivo yavo? Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, iwe zvirokwazvo kuwana chinhu chitsva.

Saka, populism - chiri socio-enyika kufambira imwe stratum pamusoro intelligentsia, uyewo dzidziso Pfungwa yeRussian Empire, chechipiri hafu rechi19 - mangwanani. Kwerechi20. Chinangwa vatsigiri mirayiridzo iyi chaiva kukura rudzi muenzaniso vasiri capitalist shanduka uye zvishoma nezvishoma kwadzakabva chavagari ezvinhu ari kuramba mazuvaano. Populism - ndiko kwegadziriro pfungwa iyo vakakunda kunyanya munyika ine vakawanda okurima upfumi ari yokuchengetera zvinhu panguva yezwi maindasitiri padariro kukura (kunze Russia, yakanga Poland uye Ukraine, kuCaucasus nyika uye kuBaltic States).

Parizvino, sayenzi zvave kuti vamiririri vayo nyaya zvavo, kutungamirirwa kwete chete nokuda enyika kwokugamuchirwa pakarepo kubviswa pakati autocracy (ichi chaiva chinangwa echimurenga kufamba mumazuva iwayo), asi dzomunyika kuda convergence vaviri tsika - chevarwere uye boka vakadzidza. Populism - iri mhando ine utopian gutsaruzhinji ine vamwe kuchinja zvirongwa munyaya zhinji youpenyu pachena. Kupararira Fani iyi vakabatsira kuti kubatana rwacho nokubvisa kusarurana uye vanoumba mamiriro kuumba chimwe pamutemo nzanga kuvanhu strata zvose.

havaoni kuti populism

Vaiva sydäntä uye Chernyshevsky. Asi zviratidzo zvokutanga anogona kuonekwa nemabasa A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, uye A. Ya Chaadaev, uyo akaratidza kufarira zvikuru evanhu pamabasa ake, "chokwadi noupenyu." Hazvina kubva pano uye ane yakatangira kuRussia populism.

sydäntä

Muna 1830 sydäntä akafarirawo Hegelianism, aidavira kuti chinokosha munzanga mberi kunofanira kuva netarisiro pachavo kukura, uye kuti akunde munzanga uye zvokunamata muchivadzvinyirira pamusoro wake. Zvisinei, mwoyo kukura Europe, akatenda munyika yedu, muna populism kuRussia. Sydäntä akaona kuchinja pfuma ukama, izvo kwakavakirwa yokubatana inofanira kuratidzwa uye dzekuno muvanhu nhengo dzayo ramangwana. All dzenzvimbo aya populism, akawana munharaunda. Sydäntä vayemura greek ethos pakati vanhuwo zvavo kuRussia, akaisa dzavo "rwokuzvarwa" collectivism kure pamusoro individualistic zvinotarisirwa kubva vokuEurope. nheyo akagadzira naye wakaumba hwaro chairoiro yokuti "Russian gutsaruzhinji".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, Ukuwo, ainakidzwa ne "Westernism" uye ake pfungwa mumagariro mberi inobva pakudavira iri yose sezvakaita magariro uye zvoupfumi, uyewo nenzanga reEurope uye Russian kukura nzira. Kusiyana rugare sydäntä kuti yokuti "dzisiri echimurenga gutsaruzhinji", haana ushe kubva chisimba kupedza pane evanhu kuburikidza. Chernyshevsky ainyatsoziva kudiwa-refu inodzidzisa uye enyika basa pakati vanhu kugadzirisa zvinetso zvayo zvikuru munzanga. Izvi Nhamba paruzhinji kusimudzira pfungwa kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo munyika pasina muripo, kubviswa muboka revatungamiriri, chiokomuhomwe, kuita zvinhu pakati pehurumende midziyo, sangano vomunharaunda kuzvitonga, asi convening vsesoslovnogo mumiririri masangano uye kugadzwa yepamutemo kurongeka. Vakawanda mudzimba radicals anowanikwa mabasa ake asingaiti ugodana kwenguva refu Advocacy basa, asi pfungwa yacho echimurenga Kushandurwa nyika.

Nzira idzi mbiri - mwero (worupo) uye kukuru (echimurenga) Populism akava mhaka dzenzvimbo maviri. It vaiona echimurenga akananga pezana 1850 kusvikira 1881. Pashure kupondwa Kesari Alexander II (1 March 1881) uye kukwira kusvikira mangwanani remakore rechi20, yainyanya sunungukei kutaura.

Populism - iri tsika kutanga chaiyo

Mabviro populism Rinobatanidzwa ne nhoroondo paumbwe intelligentsia kuRussia. Pfungwa tsitsi chivi (Berdyaev) rondedzero hurongwa rose pamusoro paruzhinji kuziva kuti nyika yedu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Populism dzematongerwe akaedza chokubatanidza zvinhu Westernism uye Slavophilism. maonero avo - asiri capitalist nzira kukura, yezwi gutsaruzhinji collectivism kuchengetedza kumaruwa - vava vakanyarara uye chinokosha chakajairika wokuRussia uzivi uye tsika. ino pfungwa zvavo ane vanoshingaira zvinhu chokwadi, pasinei utopianism. At moyo tsika yakanaka - kutotenda yetsika uye zvakanaka kuti anogona kuchinja nyika kuti nani. Populists havatendi Mwari aiva nechokwadi havatendi kuti Mwari ariko, zvisinei, pane pfungwa dzavo takawana pamusoro pfungwa "gutsaruzhinji" uye "tsika dzechiKristu."

Vateveri rwokufamba ichi vakasunungurwa kubva paruzhinji kuziva pasi zvinorayirwa kuchechi, asi akaramba tsika dzechiKristu zvakafanana tsika. Populism dzematongerwe enyika autocracy akaita zvadzinoitwa musoro kuwedzera hurumende liberalism. Liberals akaona masimba vapanduki, saka simba roumambo anowana rutsigiro wayo chete kumwe ezvinhu, izvo pakupedzisira vakakurumidza afa.

Directions uye Maitiro

Maererano mwero radicalism Munokudzwa:

• Munguva kuchinja;
• kambora-echimurenga;
• socio-echimurenga populism;
• anarchist.

Kuchinja bapiro aishamwaridzana slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). mabasa ayo mudukusa kudzidzwa uye rinofananidzirwa kunyanya nebasa vepahofisi magazini "Week" Chervinsky P. uye I. Kablitz.

Vamiririri akarurama-echimurenga (centrist) Bapiro 60-70s remakore rechi19: Erisha ( "Contemporary" magazini), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "Domestic chinyorwa"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov nevamwe . Mukusarudza ideologues ake aiva Lavrov uye Mikhailovsky.
Supporters munzanga echimurenga mirayiridzo Narodnichestvo vakananga Tkachev uye kusvika pamwero vasingagutsikani Morozov aiming pa kusimudzira kugadzirira refu uye kuti mumagariro chokupfeka. Vakasundidzira pfungwa kumhanyisa, kukurumidzisa chimurenga.

Anarchist bapiro akapikisa kudiwa kwokuchinja mukati munyika. Populists anarchist Kropotkin uye Bakunin vakanga vasina chokwadi pamusoro hurumende, kusanganisira ayo kaimuita muranda uye kudzvanyirira nerusununguko wacho. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi airidza panguva inoparadza basa, asi wakange ari dzidziso wandei nepfungwa dzakanaka.

The makirabhu vokutanga uye masangano

Mumakore 1856-1858 paiva anoparadzirwa denderedzwa Kharkov University. Muna 1861 zvakanzi yatsiviwa mubatanidzwa akauya achitungamirirwa Pe uye PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo muMoscow. Nhengo dzaro ndiyo chete nzira zvokuchinja dzakapoteredza chokwadi kwainzi chimurenga.

"Land uye Freedom"

The simba kupfuura zvakavanzika sangano St. Petersburg mumakore 1861-1864 aiva "Land uye Freedom". Nhengo dzaro (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, hoops, Utin, Rymarenko) akarota nezve "mamiriro ezvinhu kuti chimurenga." The purogiramu Society yakabudisa kuchinjwa nyika vanhuwo zvavo (vakaronga kuti rudzikinuro), yaitsiva machinda ose akasarudzwa machinda, zvinoderedza emauto zvekushandisa uye yamambo. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi havana kugamuchira rutsigiro rwakakwana pakati pavanhu, uye somugumisiro sangano emauto akadzingwa mabasa, kuramba kunyange akawana youmambo Conservatory mabasa.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina echimurenga vanhu hwakabuda denderedzwa, nhengo dzesangano "Land uye Freedom". Chinangwa chake chaiva kugadzirira murimi mudiki pakubata rangano pfungwa mumapoka. Mukuedza kuunza upenyu vamwe pfungwa Chernyshevsky pakusika okudhindira uye cooperatives, nhengo vanhu wakazaruka muMoscow chikoro vakasununguka muna 1865, ndichisunga kusona okudhindira, aiitisa Nhaurirano maererano pokugadzwa Tauriranai, pamwe vashandi Lyudinovo ironworks muna Kaluga mudunhu, akavamba donje fekitari pahwaro Association muna 1865 muna Mozhaisk muruwa. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky akaronga kwokutizira mujeri, asi basa ravo yakakanganiswa April 4, 1866 kupondwa kuedza Karakozov, mumwe munzanga ichi, mambo. Muchiitiko ichi vanopfuura 2,000 populists ndakauya kuferefetwa, 36 vakatongerwa zvakasiyana zviyero simba (Karakozov - akasungirirwa Ishutin vakaiswa mujeri muna Shlisselburg nhare, apo zvadaro akaenda kupenga).

"Vauraye Vanhu"

sangano iri inotungamirirwa Nechayev yaimirira yakakura kufambira populism uye yakatangwa 1869 muMoscow uye St. Petersburg. Chaiva vanhu 77. chinangwa chacho akanga achigadzirira munhu "vanhu chimurenga". Sergei Nechayev mudzidziso chehunyaunyau vesangano uye kushaya nenheyo, kunyengera uye udzvinyiriri. Vanomudzvovera waitsigira P. L. Lavrov, uyo aidavira kuti pachena "hapana anofanira kuisa kutoti zvakakodzera chaizvo mutsika wakachena kurwisa, uye haafaniri kuteura munhu dzimwe donhwe kweropa." Nechayev inonzi kutya, kudenhwa. Akanga nechokwadi kuti nzira dzakadaro vachava ndaenda kusunungura rudzi, ndichauyisa ramangwana rakajeka. Ivanov, kutaura pamusoro Nechayev, yakazonzi mhosva hurumende uye vakaurayiwa. Mapurisa akavhura mhosva, uye musoro sangano vakatiza kunze, asi wakawanikwa, akasungwa uye vakaedza sezvaiitwa matsotsi.

dzematongerwe ichi asina maturo, uye mumashoko echimurenga kufunga zvimwe anoti. Saka, tinosangana populism (zana remakore XX) ari populist fambisa wechitatu nyika nyika kwemakore akawanda kuuya.