State michini uye hurumende midziyo: marongerwo uye nenheyo

Zvesayenzi, hurumende guru nzvimbo inogarwa pfungwa maitiro ake uye mashandiro. Panguva zviitiko izvi hwaro ose mabasa vakuru. Zvichienderana zvaidiwa mashandiro uye midziyo yacho mamiriro ari kuchinja mitemo yaro, varikutonga uye matare.

pfungwa

State mashandiro ari hurongwa interconnected voruzhinji mitumbi zvinodiwa pachiitwa simba uye chisarudzo matambudziko mamiriro. Izvi zvinhu uye simba sangano achibatsirwa rinoitwa mumwe kana mumwe mutemo. State mashandiro akasiyana hierarchical uye akanyatsorongwa. Rinosanganisira paiva bureaucrats - vanhu vachiita simba mhinduro.

Shoko rokuti "nehurumende midziyo" ane kududzira maviri. The vakwanise izvozvo zvakafanana pfungwa mashandiro. The akamanikana nehurumende midziyo - ndiko kudzorwa Unit, wegadziriro yaiona zviremera. Rine yayo multi-Danho mamiriro, izvo dzichakurukurwa pazasi.

Nhamba ehurumende midziyo uye hurumende mashandiro uye nhasi vakawanda gakava pakati magweta. Kazhinji ivo kupa zvachose pakatarisana dudziro. Somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira pfungwa kwe kweguyo mashandiro.

misimboti

The ano wehurumende mashandiro uye hurumende midziyo dzinobva dzemitemo akawanda anokosha. Wokutanga wavo - ndiwo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba (Executive, zvemitemo nezvakatongwa). Pamusana kwaari, vakachengetedza negadziriro macheki uye zviyero rehurumende. In framework ichi, hapana davi haigoni kugamuchira kukoshesa ropafadzo nzvimbo.

Hazvina chete hurongwa, asi vanhu mukati maro. Machinda vanofanira kutevedza nheyo kugona uye professionalism. The paruzhinji Kutarisirwa haagoni kushandisa nyanzvi vakuru. mutemo uyu anomirira mumwe mutemo. Mumwe nyanzvi ane rakamanikana munda kwebasa, uye kushanda kwayo framework. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rokurima nyanzvi haigoni kumira pamharadzano Bazi Finance. Kana vashandi vakadaro majana kuitwa, mupurisa zvirokwazvo kukuvadza zvikuru, kunyange rinotungamirirwa yakanakisisa kushuvira nyika uye nevamwe.

The rakatevera musimboti - musimboti kubudirana pachena uye pachena mabasa ehurumende. Iye anogona kunzi kodzero vomunyika kubatanidzwa neimwewo referendamu uye nokudaro tonga sarudzo nezviremera. Zvakafanana rinokosha musimboti legality.

akanyatsorongwa

Sechikamu anobudirira hurongwa wehurumende mashandiro uye hurumende midziyo anofanira kushandisa maererano nheyo centralism uye zvacho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba nomumwe anoita sarudzo pemasimba epamusoro udziudze pamusoro budiriro yavo. Kuzviisa Pasi anogona chete kuva kutwasuka, asi anogona kuva tote uye zvido zvevanhu. Muenzaniso yokupedzisira nyaya: sectoral miganhu simba kuzvidavirira kuna dzakakwirira miganhu simba uye panguva imwecheteyo, iyo nechokumusoro kwerwizi indasitiri miviri.

State michini uye hurumende midziyo inogona kushandisa maererano nheyo seboka uye somunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kana sarudzo dzinoitwa nomumwe munhu, yekudyidzana nayo ukurumidze kwacho uye kunoderedza mari, asi anoita kuti uwane lopsided. Paanokurukura collegiate nzira anova pakati nepakati uye vabvume. Panguva iyoyowo izvi zviremera nevoruzhinji zvatiomera zhinji hwesangano. Mutongo chinobviswa refu, tsvuku tepi zvinoita muitiro zvinodhura. Saka, mamiriro ose ari dzakasiyana kukura Chine misimboti iyi miviri (munhu uye seboka).

Zviremera vari zvino vakawanda kunyika dziri kuumbwa maererano nheyo hweruzhinji uye vanhu Representation. Access kuhofisi uye sarudzo ndiyo chete vose, pasinei norudzi, chitendero uye pachake zvimwe zvinhu. Kana mamiriro mashandiro rinosanganisa zvese pamusoro misimboti, izvozvo anowana mimwe kuvimbika, kubatana uye purposefulness.

mamiriro

Chero mamiriro midziyo ine maumbirwo - hurongwa marongerwo uye urongwa Hardware zviyero, izvo zvinoratidza kuti pane chiri administrative muchina. In neimwe nyika, chinhu Integrated Hurongwa ina muzvizhinji kuti subsystems. Izvi zviremera pachena vane zvavo kushanda, pakarepo zvinangwa, dzomunyika mamiriro nezvimwewo. D.

subsystems izvi zvinogona kukamurwa mapoka akawanda. Chinonyanya kukosha - ruzhinji Kutarisirwa, matare uye hofisi muchuchisi wacho. Ndivo vatakuri mhando nhatu chikuru hurumende: zvokutonga, Executive uye kwemitemo.

Hurumende masangano (vanhuwo hurumende muchina subsystem) zvakaparadzana cheni Links, asi ivo vane unhu. Masangano aya vane zvavo pamutemo, izvo anosarudza kugona kwavo uye masimba uye anoita zvimwe mumatare. Sezvo muviri mumwe anofanira kutaura basa, rinopa iye simba pfuma, kunorondedzerwa mumutsetse ari bhajeti.

Democracy uye nokutonga Executive

Pfungwa yokuti "sechivako ehurumende midziyo mashandiro" hazvirevi zvakasikwa mhinduro. In neimwe nyika, akawedzera wakaraira chourongwa uye muboka revatungamiriri mudziyo yavo, yakavakirwa enhoroondo uye dzepamutemo zviri imwe nzanga. Hakuna kubatana pakati masayendisiti-theorists. Kune akasiyana mienzaniso: mune dzimwe miviri mamiriro vakaenzana, mune dzimwe wokurera kuzviomesera kuzviisa pasi.

Imwe pakugadzirisa dambudziko ehurumende midziyo mudziyo - ndiwo pfungwa hweruzhinji. Tichingotarisa, ano democratic womuenzaniso chaipiwa uye akatsanangura Chirungu muzivi John Locke, kuda zvinhu zvenyama, uyo akararama XVII remakore.

Mashandiro, midziyo wehurumende simba iri pevatongi nyika dzakanga dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna yechiFascist Italy uye Nazi Germany waidzora pokutonga varikutonga masimba pamusoro nezvose zvimwe mapazi. configuration ichi hazvo zvinotungamirira udzvinyiriri uye kuparadza nheyo democratic ari mamiriro.

Nhasi, pfungwa "nehurumende midziyo", "hurumende mashandiro 'vane mhirikiro dzakawanda. Izvi imhaka yokuti anovandudza ayo political pachake maitiro neimwe nyika. Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira Dzidziso ehurumende midziyo ndiye kuziva zviremera uye hurumende. Izvi pfungwa panguva akagadzira reGermany anofunga Friedrich Shona. Aidavira kuti vanhu vokutanga pave nehurumende kudzivirira yayo nechinzwano zvokunze zvavanofarira, uye akazova yakazvimirira mamiriro pachinhu chaizvo vanhu ichi.

Mitemo uye Executive simba

Chii chiri nerimwe chikuru hurumende masangano enyika mukati hurumende midziyo mudziyo? Legislative simba formulates uye adopts mitemo mitsva. mukana uyu rusununguko mumiririri miviri. In democracies, ndivo mwoyo ehurumende midziyo. Mumiririri miviri kunogona kukamurwa dzakakwirira (paramende) uye nemakanzuru miganhu. Vane zvakasiyana unyanzvi uye upfumi hwaro. Paramende anekodzero kupawo vamwe masimba ayo pasi ake kuzvidzora miviri. Saka pane hurongwa mitemo agoverwa.

State michini uye hurumende midziyo hazvigoni kumbofungidzira pasina Executive simba, iyo vakuru vanonyatsoita Executive uye administrative mabasa. Vanoshandira maererano zvinodiwa nemitemo. Panguva iyoyowo, mitumbi izvi dzichengete omurume miviri yavo uye masangano, uye vane mumwe kuzvionera zvakakodzera kuti basa ravo. kuzvionera uyu basa guru kuti vanhu. mitumbi kuti Executive dzika nemirau pamutemo uye kutungamirira kwemasayendisiti zvinokosha mukati hurumende. mabasa avo vari ngadzirambe dziri vanhuwo uye yepamutemo mutemo.

anotonga

Evanhu vemazuva ano, ari mashandiro, sechivako ehurumende midziyo haagoni kuita pasina hurumende. Vari rakakamurwa mapoka maviri. First - ndiwo musimboti nezviremera vane simba munyika. zvingaitwa dzavo - inowanzowanika mumwe administrative repamutemo (nharaunda, mamiriro, ndima, etc ...). Izvi muushumiri, hurumende, matare uye zvichingodaro. E. Hurumende mashandiro uye mamiriro midziyo upi nyika kusanganisira izvi nezviremera.

Boka rechipiri - yomunharaunda kuzvitonga. To chinzvimbo wake sezvo zviremera anokonzera dzakananga administrative-miganhu chikwata. Ndiyo makanzuru avo dzekushumira uye madhipatimendi, kwokubatsira inokosha ruzhinji masangano uye mabhizimisi.

Nzvimbo huru iri kudzorwa ino anotora hurumende. Ndicho chikuru yaiona uye Executive nhengo weHurumende. Hurumende Rinotarisira upfumi, magariro upenyu kunyika dzichiri bhajeti urongwa kuti inodzivirira zvinodiwa mamiriro, inodzivirirawo runyararo, uye zvichingodaro. D. Its basa inodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo. Mashandiro, midziyo wenyika, voruzhinji miviri - izvi zvose munzira kana mumwe chokuita hurumende.

Courts uye Vachuchisi

Chinokosha mamiriro midziyo - dzeutongi, rinokonzera kururamisira uye anodzivirira chepamutemo zvido vagari. Zviri rakazvimirira dzimwe simba chero munyika, sarudzo dzayo tisingatungamirirwi. Pamwe rokutonga maitiro pane prosecutorial hurongwa. Chii pfungwa ichi? Hurumende midziyo, kuti mashandiro ari mamiriro uye vose munzanga vanofanira kuteerera mitemo yacho. Zviri pamusoro izvi uye inotevera muchuchisi. Iye rinotarisira aurayiwe mitemo miviri mamiriro, masangano, mabhizimisi, masangano evanhu, vagari namachinda.

nehofisi yevachuchisi unodiwawo zvinoenderana kwemitemo iri rokutanga kuongorora uye mutirongo muzviruva. Inoshandiswa monitors ari legality vaizourayiwa kwechirango neMutungamiriri dare. mamiriro mashandiro uye hurumende midziyo iri kunzwisisa interweaving pakati mashandiro anoita zvakasiyana nhengo. Asi chaizvo nokuti ichi multilateral kubatsirana kuti akarurama uye vanobudirira mhinduro.

Nezvinetso ehurumende midziyo

At dzoro XX-XXI emakore. tsika muenzaniso paruzhinji Kutarisirwa kutanga muna nehope dambudziko. Akadana vagari 'kusavimba hurumende yavo uye vakuru. Parallel izvi, akawira mukurumbira rinoitirwa. In izvi dyidzana zviri kuitikawo mashomanana anokosha zvikonzero.

Chekutanga, vari musika upfumi, vanhu private nemauto inopa paruzhinji mabasa dzakakwirira yepamusoro kupfuura avo yakabva rinoitirwa. Tiri kutaura mushonga, dzidzo, madhorobha upgrading, redzimba kuvakwa. National basa anotambura muboka revatungamiriri, tichipedza pfuma, chikare rwokugadzira.

Poor ukoshi nokuti mamiriro mashandiro uye mamiriro midziyo zvinonyanya kuoneka tikafunga private makambani uye kusanduka kutarisirwa, kwakabva decentralization vebasa, mupfupi hierarchies. Zvakadaro hurongwa rezasi echelons vashandi kutora chikamu mune vaifanira kuti vesangano upenyu. Traditional utariri akasiyana mune hurumende: inozivikanwa chaizvo basa mitemo, mirayiro uye pachishandiswa kuti basa hurumende masangano usingachashandi.

Maitiro itsva

Munyika veruzhinji kumanikidza hurumende dzose gore hunowedzera zvaioneka. Izvi Muitiro anooneka kunyange anomanikidza munyika. Chikonzero kuchinja chinhu kuwedzera kusangana nyika, mashoko uye digitaalinen chimurenga. Zviri pamusoro nechekumashure ichi kuti vanhu chinoda mukuru pachena uye kubudirana pachena, umo saka zvinoda hurumende mashandiro uye hurumende midziyo. Dzidziso reshiyo haina kuchinja, asi rakachinja mafungiro evanhu kune vakuru. Vanhu vakawanda havadi futa muboka revatungamiriri akamboona.

Makabva rethinking chii chinofanira kuva rinoitirwa. Kana yapfuura kwokubatsira hanya kuti simba, nhasi - sezvo webasa. Uye nheyo ichi chiri emitemo mazhinji, izvo zvinoratidza kuti hurumende pakutanga kushumira vanhu panzvimbo anotonga navo. Pane pfungwa itsva bureaucratic sangano kugadzirisa. Dzimwe nguva anonzi itsva. The mashandiro ose ehurumende, pfungwa, mamiriro, mamiriro midziyo - kunofambira mberi, izvi mananara Dzichinje uye dzichimhanya pagore.

Maererano nenyanzvi, ari muboka revatungamiriri itsva yakasiyana yapfuura mune usingabereki pfungwa dzavo pachavo uye zvinofarirwa kwenzanga. Kana yapfuura mabasa vakuru kuongororwa maererano uwandu mari disbursed navo uye uwandu apedza mabasa kuzviremera, mune ramangwana richange chokuratidza chikuru kuti kukosha mugumisiro basa ravo kune veruzhinji. Uye kana mamiriro anodzora mari mabasa muboka revatungamiriri, kambani anodzora zvinhu "kunze." Hurumende itsva havafaniri kuchengeta pfupa mirayiridzo kushandura mukati maererano nemweya uye zvinodiwa nguva. Kuti kuita yepamusoro munyika nhasi uyu akagadzwa kutsanya oornag dzichikurukura pamwe vavhoti.