Spore miti: mienzaniso, features, siyana

Bhotani vanoda chokwadi kunyemwerera kana kuteerera ngano pamusoro usiku Ivan Kupala. Ndingaita sei kuwana munhu Fern ruva? Ndianiko kuti, kazhinji, I vakwira naye? Ndingaita sei kuwana chinhu kumbobvira avapo zvakasikwa?

vari vakawanda vanoda hunhu yakakamurwa pamusoro maruva zvinomera uye cryptogamic mhuka. Cryptogamic inonzi miti spore, mienzaniso iyo ichakurukurwa munyaya nhasi.

Spore miti: wokutanga nhanganyaya

Ngatitange nematsananguriro yezviri kujairirana. Shoko "nharo" vakauya kwatiri kubva mutauro wechiGiriki. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "mbeu" kana "mbeu." Chinhu chiduku duku inotungamirwa ane saizi - anenge 1 micron.

Kuvakwa spore zvinomera kwenguva refu. Kutaura zvazviri, havana - rakananga vazukuru nemiti, izvo vakabuda gungwa kunyika. Pakazosvika inobereka spore-miti haisi chete Fern. Masayendisiti akavakamura kuva mapoka maviri: okumusoro. In muchikwata yokutanga - ferns, tsvimbo mosses, horsetails uye Moss. In wechipiri - algae uye lichens.

Ichitanga spore miti upenyu

Kana isu nezvazvo dzakakwirira spore Utachiona, vane anonakidza upenyu yatinofema. Pano unogona kuona alternation zvepabonde uye asexual vanhu kwemarudzi. Saizvozvowo, kubereka, zvichienderana mhando, ari pabonde kana asexually. The yose upenyu kutenderera ari kuramba. Chirimwa unoumba munhu gametophyte (pabonde kubereka nhengo) uye sporophyte (nhengo kuti asexual kubereka).

Evolution akabvumira kutanga mhando izvi zvinomera nenzira mbiri. Takagamuchira mapoka maviri paupamhi: haploid uye diploid. Richirondedzera spore miti, mienzaniso izvo haploid boka - mosses, masayendisiti akaratidza kuti vane zvimwe dzakabudirira zvepabonde gametophyte. Haploid sporophyte muboka rine omurume hweHIV. Diploid Utachiona spore mirayiridzo (horsetail uye ferns) ane dzakabudirira zvakasimba sporophyte uye gametophyte sezvo prothallia.

Chizvarwa Sexual nguva dzose ane antheridia uye archegonium. Ndicho mukono nehadzi zvomukati. Male dzisingaoneki motility, hadzi zvepabonde Sero kunofambira mberi. On zvinogona kusvika chinangwa kuti nourume wake, urume ane kupinda hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza. The zai siyana ane mudumbu iyo germinates asexual chizvarwa, i.e. sporophyte. Inotevera pavaipfuura maberekero kuchaitika spores kuti kuva sporangia.

zvinhu

Havasi vose anoziva kusiyanisa spore miti. Mienzaniso pfungwa panyaya iyi chingaratidzika seizvi:

1. Spore zvirimwa havasi maruva. Miti iyi haisi unokwanisa maruva pakugadzira.
2. Iva rakasiyana upenyu kutenderera. Kushungurudzwa uye asexual kubereka.
3. The chisingabviri zvepabonde fertilization, pasina kuvapo mvura.

Kana zvitatu zvakakanganisika kuri kuti chirimwa hanya, zviri pamusoro spore mhando.

Spore miti: ferns

Zvakaoma kuwana munhu anenge ndamboona Fern. Ichi chirimwa yekare rakashandiswa kushongedzwa mumapaka uye minda. Mumaruva ferns vari akura muhari, uye dondo anofamba vakawanda vanoda nguva kuona akasvibirira uye girini Fern mumatenhere.

ferns All akatonga pinnatisected akakura mashizha. Izvi spore-miti (ferns) ndivo kupfuura kosha sporangia. The nzvimbo kwemiviri izvi - the underside nemashizha.

Nokuti mashoko wedzera kuti ferns zvakasikwa kupfuura gumi nezviviri. All kusiyana ichi zvikabatanidzwa muna 300 genera.

The nemamiriro spore miti nomuenzaniso mosses

Mosses zvinogona kunzi zvikuru chinyakare mhando yepamusoro zvinomera. All kupararira Moss mhuri - vari mupfupi pasina vamiririri pakati conductive jira. Weboka kupinda hunde uye mashizha ari mosses ndokunge. Izvi zvinoshamisa spore-zvirimwa - mienzaniso unyanzvi kuchinja zvinhu zvakasikwa.

Saka, Moss muviri conditionally rakakamurwa hunde, mashizha nemidzi. Hongu, kwakabva chirimwa ichi kuchatsiviwa filamentous outgrowths - rhizoids. musiyano wavo mukuru kubva chaiye midzi - kusavapo conductive jira. In nomumwe rhizoid chikwindi - zvipenyu masero mumwe kana kupfuura.

Mosses kunzwa zvakanaka marshy nzvimbo, mumumvuri kana chete nyorova. Mosses zvinoshingaira sasana mwando, asi kuita kuti kurasikirwa rose chirimwa pamusoro. Pasinei nokuti spore miti vanoda mvura ruchikonzera dzimwe mhando mosses vanokwanisa kumirira kunze kwemvura nguva, kunyange akachinja kurarama ari matombo nzvimbo. Sezvo zvinoitika, haisi aizvinzwisisa.

pabonde - chikuru Moss chizvarwa. Sporophyte iri zvachose novimba gametophyte.

Kusawirirana arege kuumbwa pamusoro mashizha sezvinoita Fern, sezvinoita mashizha pachavo vari nani kwakajairika. Zvinangwa izvi, mosses akachinja spore Kamudzira, chirefu pamusoro pabonde gametophyte pamusoro gumbo-vad.

A chiri mosses vaiona mukana vegetative kupararira. Kwacho kunosanganisira itsvo nodules. Kana vegetative zvikamu vanoparadzaniswa huru chirimwa, inokudziridza kupinda yakazvimirira munhu.

A zvishoma pamusoro rezasi nezvimiro

Hatidi nyora zvose nechepazasi spore miriwo. Mienzaniso dziri kunakidza kurondedzera - algae. zvirimwa izvi hazvisi senyeredzi ferns uye lichens, pamusoro zvishoma siyana anopfuura zana. Habitat pamusoro kasvisto - mvura. Algae havana mashizha nemidzi. Vari vasiyana pasi kana matombo segirazi zvokukochekera. Algae vakakamurwa pamusoro madhipatimendi 11, 4 iyo murume akadzidza kushandisa zvakavanakira.