Short biography yaIlya Ilyich Mechnikov: nhoroondo yehupenyu, zvitsva, zvinobudirira uye zviitiko zvebasa

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, ane ruzivo (nyaya yeupenyu) inonakidza zvikuru, muRussia embryologist, immunologist uye bacteriologist. Uyu musayendisiti akatipa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha pakuwanikwa kwesayenzi. Muna 1908 akapiwa mubayiro weNobel muPhysiology kana Medicine. Zvisinei, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda zvakaitwa naIlya Ilyich. Nhoroondo pfupi yeIlya Ilyich Mechnikov ichakuziva iwe nehupenyu uye hutsva hunowanikwa nemusayendisiti uyu.

Vose vari vekudzimba uye vekune dzimwe nyika, vanoongorora masayendisiti uye physiologists vakanzwa nezveIlya Ilyich. Mechnikov akashanda zvakaisvonaka sechigadzirwa chezvisikwa, semuzivi wenhengo, uye sechipatara. Ndiye mumwe wevadzidzisi vekushanduka kwemhepo embryology. Mukuwedzera, anofanirwa kubhadharwa nekuda kwekuwanikwa kweinstraclular digestion uye phagocytosis, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Zvose izvi zvinopfuura zvakakwana kuti vazhinji venyu vave nehanya nehupfumi hweIya Ilyich Mechnikov.

Kubva kwesainzi wezvesayenzi

Akazvarwa mumusha weIvanovka (kwete kure neKharkov, Ukraine) muna 1845. Baba vake vaiva mutungamiriri wemapurisa akavanzika aIsra Ivanovich, avo vakashanda muSt. Petersburg. Asati atamira kuUkrainian property, murume uyu akarasikirwa chikamu chakakura chedowari yemudzimai uye yemhuri. Emilia Mechnikova (ne-musikana - nevahovich) aiva mai vaIlya Ilyich. Baba vemukadzi uyu aiva munyori wechiJudha mupfumi Rev Nevahovich. Emilie akabatsira mwanakomana wake, wekupedzisira wevana vashanu, kusarudza basa seasayendisiti.

Dzidzo muRyceum neYunivhesiti

Nhoroondo pfupi yeIlya Ilyich Mechnikov inoratidzirwa nekuti iye akaratidza kufarira masayenzi echisikigo kubva paudiki. Nyanzvi yesainzi yeramangwana yakaisvonaka yakadzidza kuKharkov Lyceum. Pazera remakore gumi nematanhatu Mechnikov akanyora nyaya iyo kutsoropodzwa kwemabhuku pamusoro pe geology yakaiswa. Yakadhindwa mumagazini yeMoscow. Mushure mokunge apedza chikoro chesekondari nemari yegoridhe (muna 1862), Ilya Ilyich akasarudza kudzidza chimiro chechiremba. Akaita izvi kuWurzburg University. Achizvipira kune manzwiro, Ilya Mechnikov akaenda kuGermany. Haana kuziva kunyange kuti pashure pevhiki masere matanhatu makirasi akatanga. Akabatwa kune imwe nyika yega, asina ruzivo rweGermany, Ilya akasarudza kudzokera kuKadkov University. Akaunza kubva kuGermany kushandurwa kwebhuku rinonzi "Origin of Species by Natural Selection" naCharles Darwin. Mechnikov, mushure mekuverenga bhuku iri, vakave mutsigiri wezvidzidzo zvekushanduka-shanduka.

Zvakatanga kuwanikwa zveMechnikov

Ilya Ilyich akapedza chikoro chemakore mana muyunivhesiti muKharkov mumakore maviri. Sezvo zvinozivikanwa nemagadziro emhuka dzakaderera (sponges, minye uye dzimwe dzisina simba), Ilya Mechnikov akacherechedza kuti mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvakasimudzika, maererano nedzidziso yeDarwin, kufanana nevakaderera-vakarongeka, avo vari madzitateguru avo, vanofanira kuwanika muhutano. Embryology yezvipembenene panguva iyoyo yakanga iri nani zvakanyanya kupfuura embryology ye invertebrates. Ilya Mechnikov akazvipira kwemakore matatu akatevera kusvika pakutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nzvimbo shoma. Akaenda kumativi akasiyana eEurope: akashanyira pamusoro. Helgoland muNorth Sea, mu laboratori yeR. Leikart pedyo neFrankfurt, muNaples, kwaakabatana naAlexander Kovalevsky, nyanzvi yezvitsva zvekuRussia. Kushanda, kwavakaratidza kuti mumhuka dzakasiyana-siyana ma embryonic mapeti ari homologous (chimiro chavo chakafanana), sezvinofanira kunge chiri muchimiro chakafanana chemafomu, chakaunza masayendisiti mubayiro weK KE von Baer. Panguva ino Mechnikov aiva nemakore 22 chete. Nemhaka yematambudziko makuru, maziso ake akatanga kukuvadza panguva iyoyo. Mechnikov ainetseka nezvechirwere ichi kwemakore 15 anotevera. Izvi zvakamuvhiringidza kushanda ne microscope.

Kugamuchira chiremba chiremba, kubhadhara uye kubatanidzwa muchifambiso

Mushure mekudzivirira tsvina pamusoro pemakrisonic kukura kwekristaceans nehove, yakabatwa muna 1867, yakagamuchira chiremba chake chechiremba Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Nhoroondo shomanana yemakore ake yeramangwana inobatanidza neRussia capital, sezvaakadziviririra paYunivhesiti yeSt. Petersburg ndokutanga kudzidzisa kuenzanisa kwemaatomy uye yezvinyorwa pano. Kwemakore matanhatu iye akadzidza payunivhesiti. Zvadaro Ilya Mechnikov akava nhengo yeanthropological expedition. Pamwe pamwe nevamwe vatsvakurudzi akaenda kuGungwa reCaspian, kunzvimbo dzaigara vaKalmyks. Chinangwa chekufambisa ndechekuenzanisa kwemaitiro, zvichibvumira vaKalmy kuti vafananidzwe kurudzi rweMongooloid. Mechnikov pakudzoka kwake akasarudzwa kuOdessa Novorossiysk University semudzidzisi wepurofesa.

Upenyu muOdessa uye uchienda kuItaly, kuwanikwa kwepapgocytes

Odessa, iri paGungwa Dzvuku, yaiva nzvimbo yakanakisisa yekudzidza mhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka dzegungwa. Vadzidzi vaida Irya Ilyich, asi kuputika kwezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro muRussia panguva iyo yakamanikidza musayendisiti.

Muna 1881, mushure mekuurayiwa kwaAlexandro II, zviito zvekuita zvehurumende itsva zvakasimbiswa. Mushure mekusiya, Mechnikov akatamira kuItaly (mu Messina). Pano, sezvaakarangarira, kuchinja kwaakaita mune zvechisayenzi zvakaitika. Mechnikov akava chiremba. Kuwanikwa, kwakashandura hupenyu hwake zvinoshamisa, kunobatanidza nekucherechedza kwaIlya Ilyich kumashure kwemakumbo e starfish. Musayendisiti akacherechedza kuti masero ezvitunha ezvisikwa zvipenyu anotenderedza miviri yekunze, ndokubva atora. Chiitiko chakafanana chinowanikwa mukuputika kwekuita kwemuviri womunhu. Kana mutorwa wacho ari akakwana zvishoma, masero anenge achifamba-famba (Mechnikov anovadana kuti phagocytes) anonyatsotora mutorwa.

Dzidziso yeMechnikov

Mechnikov akanga asiri wokutanga kuona kuti leukocytes mumitumbi yemhuka inodya zvipenyu zvakapinda mumiganhu yavo, kusanganisira mabhakitiriya. Zvisinei, zvaifungidzirwa kuti iyo yekucherechedza kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa inonyanya kushanda kuparadzira chimwe chinhu kunze kwemuviri kuburikidza nehutachiona. Ilya Ilyich akatevera imwe tsanangudzo. Pane zvaive zvichiitika, akatarisa nemeso e embryologist. Mapogocytes anofamba ari mumakungwa ezvinyorwa zvegungwa havangobatanidzi chinhu chavatorwa. Vanoparadzawo mamwe maviri, kana muviri usingachadi. Human leukocytes uye marine star phagocytes zvinokwana homologous embryologically, sezvo zvose zvinoitika kubva kuma mesoderm. Kubva kumusayendisiti uyu akagumisa kuti, kufanana ne phagocytes, leukocytes inoita basa rakachena kana rinodzivirira. Zvadaro Ilya Ilyich akaratidza kuti masero aya anotsemuka anoshanda sei musingaoneki mafungu emvura.

Mechnikov akazonyora kuti chirwere ichi, maererano nehana iyi, iri kurwisana pakati pezvigocytes zvechimiro nemakirukitiri akabuda kunze. Zvisinei, kwemakore anoverengeka pfungwa dzaIya Ilyich dzakanga dzisinganzwisiswi nemasayendisiti. Panyaya iyi, kazhinji, yaive yakajeka yemunhu akadai seIlya Ilyich Mechnikov, biography. Masayendisiti makuru haagamuchiri sangano rezvesayenzi, uye zvinotora nguva kuti pfungwa dzavo dziwane kukohwa kwakakodzera. Nenzira iyi, Mechnikov aive nematombo - maitiro ake aifadzwa nekupa mubayiro weNobel Prize, asi kwete pakarepo. Asi zvinowanzoitika kuti mukurumbira wevanhu vakuru unouya chete mushure mekufa.

Dzokera kuOdessa

Mechnikov akadzokera kuOdessa muna 1886. Akatungamirira Bacteriological Institute, ichangobva kurongwa. Pano musayendisiti akatanga kuongorora chiito chemonkey, rabbit uye imbwa phagocytes pamakiromita anokonzera kudzokorora typhus uye erysipelas. Vashandi vake vakashandawo pakugadzira zvirwere kurwisa anthrax makwai nehotera. Mechnikov aifanira kutarisana nevarume venhau vakanga vachida kunzwa, pamwe chete navanachiremba vomunharaunda avo vaimuzvidza nekuda kwekushaiwa dzidzo yezvokurapa. Muna 1887, Ilya Ilyich akasarudza kusiya Russia zvakare. Bhuku shomanana raIlya Mechnikov rinoenderera mberi mumutauro weFrance.

Upenyu muParis, hwakaramba huchidzidza nezvepagogotes

MuParis, akasangana naLouis Pasteur. Musayendisiti wechiFrench akamukoka kumucheto wemusoro webazi rekare, yakagadzirwa paPasteur Institute. Kwemakore 28 anotevera, Mechnikov akashanda pano, achienderera mberi achidzidza phagocytes.

Mabasa aMechnikov, akaitwa muParis, akaita zvipo zvikuru kune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pemamiriro ehutachiona hwemuviri. Jules Bordet, mumwe wevadzidzi veIlya Ilyich, akaratidza basa rekusimbisa mukuparadzwa kwe microbes (chinhu chinowanikwa muropa reropa serumungu). Zvinowanzoita kuti zvive nyore kutarisana nepapgocytes.

Mamwe maonero eMechnikov

Apo pfungwa pamusoro pebasa re leukocyte uye zvakakosha zve phagocytosis zvakapararira zvakaringana pakati pezvidzidzo zvevanhu, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov akatanga kusimbisa dzimwe pfungwa. Biographical data yesayenzi pamusoro payo inosanganisira zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza. Kunyanya, akatarisana nematambudziko ekukwegura uye rufu. Mechnikov yakabudiswa muna 1903 bhuku pamusoro pe "orthobiosis," ndiko kuti, kukwanisa kurarama zvakanaka. Basa rinonzi "Studies pamusoro pemaitiro evanhu." Inotaura nezvekukosha kwezvokudya, uye inoratidzawo kudikanwa kwekuve nemiti yakawanda yemukaka-yakaoma mukudya, kunyanya, mukaka wakavhenganiswa, unoviriswa nekushandiswa kweBulgaria stick. Ilya Mechnikov zita rake rinobatanidzwawo nenzira yakakurumbira yekuita kefir. Iyi nzira yakatanga kubudirira mune zvekutengeserana, asi musayendisiti haana kuwana mari yekuwanikwa kwake.

Nhoroondo pfupi yaIlya Mechnikov yakaratidzwa nechiitiko chinokosha muna 1908. Yakanga iri iyo iyo yemabasa ake mukudzivirira uye yakagadzirirwa Nobel Prize muMedicine uye Physiology. Yakagamuchirwa pamwe naPauro Erlich naIlya Ilyich Mechnikov, michiologist. Ilya Ilyich's biography inopfuurira nezviitiko muhupenyu hwake.

Upenyu hwehupenyu hweMechnikov

Muna 1869, musayendisiti akaroora Lyudmila Fedorovich, murwere ane TB. Vakaroorana vakanga vasina vana. Apo mudzimai wake akafa makore mana gare gare, Mechnikov akaedza kuzviuraya nokutora morphine. Paaiva achishanda kuOdessa University, muna 1875, akasangana naOlga Belokopytova, mudzidzi wemakore gumi nemashanu, ndokumuroora. Mushure mekunge atapukirwa nehupidhi fever, Ilya Ilyich akaedza zvakare kugadzirisa zviitiko noupenyu, iye zvino achibatsirwa nejojo yea causative agents vanowanzoita typhus. Zvisinei, mushure mekurwara kwakaoma, akadzoka. Uyezve, chirwere chacho chakaderedza kusagadzikana kwechimiro chechimiro chesayenzi uyu, uye chakaita kuti kuve nekuvandudzwa mune zvakaratidzwa. Mechnikov uye mudzimai wake wechipiri vakanga vasina vana. Zvisinei, shure kwekufa kwevabereki vaOlga, Mechnikovs akatanga kushevedza hanzvadzi nhatu nehama dzake mbiri.

Rufu rwemasayendisiti mukuru

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov: biography, mhuri, mabasa - takaongorora zvishoma izvi zvose. Inoramba ichitaura chete kuti Ilya Mechnikov akafa musi waJuly 15, 1916 muParis mushure mekunyorwa kwezvinyorwa zvemyocardial. Nokudaro, akararama makore 71.

Saka, pfupi pfupi yaIlya Ilyich Mechnikov akakuzivai zviitiko zvikuru zvehupenyu hwake uye zvakakosha zvikuru kubudirira. Wanga uchida kuramba uchizivana nemusayendisiti mukuru here? Zvechokwadi, izvi zvakakodzera Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Nhoroondo shoma inonyatsokwana kudzidza unhu nemafungiro emusayendisiti wehukuru. Kwete munyika yedu chete, asi munyika yose, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov anofarira hurumende. Nyaya dzezvinyorwa zvechiremba, kunyange dzakakurumbira, hazviwanzofananidza naye pane zvakaitwa.