Russian Uzivi asati Pachatanga XIX remakore

Uzivi Russian akaberekwa akapoteredza Eastern necheSalvic vechiKristu zvouMwari pfungwa. Inogona kukamurwa nguva kubva XI kusvikira XVII remakore, pashure zvadonherwa nguva Russian Kujekerwa (XVII-XVIII remakore), uye pakupedzisira, remakore nepfumbamwe, kupfuura rakakurumbira uye akapa nyika mazita akawanda vakakurumbira. Anotangira remakore vakasara raisafanira kukanganikwa, kana kanenge haana ndirumbidzwe zvikuru. Zvisinei, iyi ndiyo anonakidza zvikuru.

Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo uzivi pakutanga Russian akanga zvakasimba kuvhiringidzwa Byzantine dzidziso, akakwanisa kutanga kwayo mutauro pachavo Conceptual uye inoshanda mhedziso. Mienzaniso iyi ndiyo inozivikanwa "Shoko riri Mutemo uye nyasha" Metropolitan Illariona, yomusi XI remakore - dudziro yekare, dzine munhu "chiedza" pfungwa mhemberero pamusoro "rima"; uye "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh of XII remakore, inova mitemo yetsika nemagariro mufambiro pamusoro pevamwe (mabasa akanaka, kupfidza uye almsgiving). "Patriarchal despotism" yakagadzirwa. KuMiddle Ages, sezvo nyika vakaziva kusikwa naMwari, nhoroondo uye yakapoteredza chokwadi kunonzwisiswa ive nhandare okutambura nyasha uye namano adhiabhori.

Russian dzechitendero nevafungi vakabvuma Greek hesychasm pachavo zvichiratidza pamusoro "anyerere, munyengetero mupfungwa." Yakanga kokutanga akamutsa dambudziko munhu ari uzivi Russian. Paiva dzidziso kuvimbika munhu, rairatidza kuburikidza nekuchinja, pamusoro kuongorora nokuchiva kwake uye zvitadzo "chaizvoizvo" uye "simba" kuti "Mwari anozivikanwa kuburikidza pakusika, saka munhu -. Mupfungwa" Aripo muRussia uye vazivi unorthodox dzechiKristu, uye kunyange yose kufamba, inonzi "vemanyepo" - Strigolniki, iyo ichienzaniswa Western Cathars uye vaWaldenses, uye vasiri iwo, izvo, vavawo vamwe European kuchinja dzenzvimbo.

Kubvira panguva Ivana Groznogo Russian uzivi anotanga tsika enyika. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kubva tsamba dzamambo uye ake shamwari-muvengi Prince Kurbsky. Vamiririri ayo kutanga kutaura mabikirwo yokutonga uye unyanzvi hurumende, kudiwa "opekaniya" vanhu kuburikidza (zvakavanzika) State Council. Its geopolitical yepamusorosoro yakasvika nenzira zvinyorwa Abbot Philotheus, iro rinoreva Russia sezvo Third Rome, "uye kwete kuva chechina oga." Paivawo zvenyika uzivi tuzvikonzero risina parinogumira autocracy sezvo Ivan Peresvetov uye Ermolay Erazm. Patriarch Nikon akaedza kufungidzira simba pakunamata pamusoro Panyanzvi, "rechiLatin tsika", uye Yuri Krizanic akadana kubatana zviri Slavs kuzorwa Greek uye German kutyisidzira.

Russian uzivi Chokwadi, akanzwa matambudziko kuWestern Europe uye kunyange kwazvo fashoni panguva matambudziko Somuenzaniso, pamusoro ukama kuna yeGirisi Roman tsika yekare. Izvi ndizvo kuti kuguma XVII uye XVIII emakore, kana paine Renaissance pfungwa rokunyika. Chokutanga, munguva iyoyo zvisikwa uye ndakajeka of Moscow University, apo kudzidzisa akatanga kuchinja kubva muchiLatin kuti Russian. Paiva rose renyeredzi vazivi Kujekerwa, akadai Feofan Prokopovich, Stefan Jaworski, Shcherbakov, Kozelskiy, Tretyakov, Anichkov, Baturin, uyo akaita kuedza wake kuti synthesize zvinhu ekare uye Christian tsika.

Russian muuzivi Kujekerwa kudada kwakadaro mumiririri sezvo Mikhail Lomonosov. Kuva munhu nokwaakabva, vakapedza kudzidza St. Petersburg Academy uye akava polymath wechokwadi, akanyora nhamba mabasa, kubvira Vanamakanika, wefizikisi uye mugodhi uye anopera manotsi enyika ari "Kuchengetedzwa uye kukura nevanhu Russian." Paaibuda zhinji mberi kuti nguva yaro, anotarira kuna sainzi, kusanganisira nheyo "asiri chipingaidzo" edzidzo ari wefizikisi dzinongoitika uzivi, pamusoro peshoko nerukudzo, kwete novimba naMwari, kuti "mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa," uye chimiro zvokunyama nyika "pakati corpuscles" (ndiro patinotarisira maatomu dzidziso molekuryarnoy maumbirwo zvose), uye zvichingodaro. Lomonosov vayemura pfungwa Giordano Bruno pamusoro muzvizhinji kuti nyika uye vanoziva mutemo kuchengetedza kwenyaya uye simba. Kuva munhu akanyanyisa akachenjera, akasiya vana vake kurudziro huru: "Zvakaitika zvinopfuura chiuru mafungiro, asi kushandisa neumeyuschih rokufunga, ruzivo maturo."