River pemarudzi: mukuru zvatariswa uye tsanangudzo

Tsanangudzo "rwizi yebudiriro" rakapiwa dzakaitika uye mumatongo yacho XIX remakore. rokuti kwakadaro akagamuchira yokutanga mamiriro munhoroondo yevanhu. Maererano nemitemo vose dzakatangira mumipata dzenzizi huru nokuda chaizvo kukosha nokuti ipapo vanhu zvokurima. Masayendisiti kuona vana mararamiro akadai: muEgipita, Mesopotamian, Indian uye Chinese.

General unhu

Kwakaitika zviuru akawanda apfuura rwizi yekare dzomunyika - muenzaniso sei zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu sei emunhu wakajeka. Hwaro dzomunyika upfumi wokutanga waiva kurima. Land kurimwa uye chirimwa kurimwa ndiko kubudirira mumaguta uye misha. Ndokusaka wokutanga anoti vakasimuka munzvimbo ezvinhu zvemhoteredzo varimi vakawanda nyasha.

Nzvimbo idzi dzaiva rwizi mumipata. The Nile Basin yakatanga Egyptian ekare pamahombekombe rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi - the Sumerian, vakakomba Indus uye Ganges - India, pedyo Yellow River uye the yangtze - China. Vaiva paucheche nyika pakati 20 ° uye 40 ° North Latitude

muIjipiti

Key zviri rwizi dzomunyika pachena kurondwa muenzaniso muIjipiti yekare. mamiriro Izvi yakabuda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva Africa pamahombekombe rezasi kunosvika yorwizi rwaNire. Zviratidzo yebudiriro vokutanga yakaumbwa panoperera 4. chemakore BC. e. Panguva iyoyo, wokutanga Farao vabatane pasi pesimba rake Lower uye Upper Egipita.

All Budiriro rwizi ane munoitika zvinofadza nezvisingafadzi. MuIjipiti, izvi zviri kuchinja mumwe nguva paiva dzakawanda. Ake soro yakakura New Kingdom, iyo yaiva XVI - XI emakore. BC. e. Hunosanganisira chigaro matatu vekare vokuIjipiti (18, 19, 20). Kuti Umambo New andisiya shure vakawanda nzvimbo apo ano vanhu uye anoziva chinoshamisa nyika yekare. The IV remakore BC. e. Egypt akasvika vakadhakwa wetsika dzechiGiriki uye akatanga chisanyanya nemamwe civilizational zvinhu. Pakupedzisira, simba vanaFarao dzakaguma muna 30 BC. e., kana kumusoro-kumabvazuva Africa yakakundwa hweRoma.

Agriculture uye rwizi zvinogara

A chinokosha uwandu vaIjipiti vekare vaiita kurima. Kuvimba nzizi zvinokosha zvokurima - chimwe nei mararamiro ekare munyika inonzi rwizi. Kuzvigadzira Patsva inorasikira Nile yl kubvumirwa minda iyo, vachisanganisa pamwe ivhu, kwaizoita ikawanda goho.

Nezvakawanda uye kubudirira mune zvemari akapa vanhu vakawanda vakasununguka nguva pamusoro rwokugadzirwa, tsika uye unyanzvi mabasa. muenzaniso uyu wava mumwe zvinokonzera ukuru muIjipiti zvemakore.

All dzomunyika rwizi zvenyika yekare vakanga vachiedza kukunda uye dzepamusha hunhu. VaEgipita ichi kuvakwa pamwe muNairi rechibharo ayo dhamu. Navo mvura iri dzakatsaukira minda zvokurima pamwe chirimwa. Kunyange zvazvo maitiro yasvika hwakakwana kudiridza kuMesopotamia, vaIjipiti kuti nguva yaro, waivawo hunoshamisa.

Agriculture munyika iyi kunze maererano rwizi zvinogara. VaEgipita vakakamura gore rikava mwaka mitatu: mafashamo, Kudyara nokukohwa. Rakajairika vakanga zviyo kurima, kunyange paivawo muchero uye horticulture. Paiva yemizambiringa, anorimwa Mufurakisi. Raishandiswa Kukosa. Pamwe Nile Mahombekombe kukura enhokwe, chimbuzi rakasiyana Egyptian mapepa.

Life uye chitendero

Misha muIjipita dzakavakwa nevhu zvidhina, panopinda kwakavakirwa, kunyange yaipisa yakaramba hwomutambarakede coolness. imba imwe neimwe ine kicheni ane denga rakavhurika. Madziro ainyorwa chena kana halts kuti nemakapeti dzerineni.

Common chitendero haana muIjipiti. In nomumwe nharaunda, paiva chitendero imwe mwari. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba rimwe remasangano pantheon yekare. Kufanana nezvimwe zvitendero iyoyo, chitendero vaEgipita rakabva un'anga uye animism. Farao Akhenaton akaedza kusiya vakawanda uye chigaro chacho centralized monotheistic Chitendero pachedu mwari wezuva Aton. Asi nadzurudzo iyi haana midzi munzanga yekare yokuIjipiti.

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia, kana Mesopotamia - nharaunda iri pedyo vaviri nzizi huru - rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Nhasi ndima iyi ndezvako Iraq. BC zvakare pano pakanga yakasiyana rwizi pemarudzi. Kusiyana Egipita, Mesopotamia kumbova coherent rudzi. madzinza akasiyana yakakunda pano mumwe kwezviuru zvemakore.

Kunyange zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mikuru nzizi rekare pomupata rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi kwave kunyanya yakaorera. Kutanga kune Armenian dzakakwirira mvura vakauya kuna Mesopotamia alluvial deposits. Zviri ngaaongwe kwavari kuti ivhu kumativi pano akapa vapfumi kukohwa. Kubereka kunokwezva vanhu vazhinji. Uyezve, Mesopotamia yave chinokosha wezvokutengeserana nharaunda sezvo akabatana Persian Gulf uye reMediterranean.

nyika channel

Munguva kubva Millennium IV kuti VI remakore BC. e. Mesopotamia chikatsiviwa akawanda anoti (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria). marudzi avo akanga akasiyana mitauro uye mamwe nemagariro husina. Asi vose, commonality wavo anogona kunzi mumwe mukuru yekare Mesopotamian budiriro. The kunobva parinowanika raiva pakusikwa kudiridzwa pamahombekombe rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi.

Nokuti zvokurima Mesopotamia vagari akavaka canal reservoirs. Kudiridza hurongwa ikawanda goho uye kubvumirwa yokudiridza minda yose kukura kutenderera. Progress zvakakonzera weboka basa. Chero raanoziva, akatanga boka stratification. Zvakaita kuti kwaita nevaranda uye yakakura kushandiswa zvavo.

Kudiridza, vagotengeseranamo

Kunyange muna Mesopotamia kwagara yakawanda varanda vaita zvokurima, uye vakasununguka vanhu vanogara munharaunda. Vaivawo kushumira rokumanikidzirwa kuti mamiriro, kuvaka uye kupishinura makwara. Kubva chero kupikidura mabasa vakasunungurwa chete nhengo kwamachinda. The zvakawanda chakakwana kudiridza hurongwa akazova, zvikuru zvikuru kwaiva water drainage vanhu kubva vakapararira misha kuti amachinda nzvimbo. Atova guta. Vakanga mamirire zvivakwa: temberi, zvitoro uye matura.

Around dzokunamatira aunganidzwa kupembedza mari zvigadzirwa. KuMesopotamia murombo mumasango uye simbi. Vagari Mesopotamia akagamuchira zvinhu izvi vatenge navo mukutsinhana anopa zvakawanda yokukohwa. Trade chaiitirwa pamwe nyika zhinji - kubva kuIndia kuIjipiti uye kubva muMediterranean muArabhiya. By III Millennium BC. e. Economy matemberi vava nerongo zvokuti chizvidavirire ravo raida nzira itsva achitumira mashoko - kunyora. Ndiko kuti sevaSumer akazviratidza nomukurumbira ecuneiform yavo, vakashandisa chaiwo tsotso pamahwendefa evhu.

Kubva Asia Minor , Mesopotamia vakaparadzana yakakura mumarenje. Okutanga vanhu vakanga vagere pazviri, akararama kwete oga asiwo murombo chaizvo. Goho vaiva kusagadzikana uye yaisanganisira chete yebhari vane mwero. Agriculture akanga dzakakodzera chete rakamanikana kanyika munyika pakati murenje uye vakafa marshes. With veMubatanidzwa migero uye kudiridza enyika, vatsva vanhu vakagara pamberi isingagariki nzvimbo.

Indian kupunduka

Sayenzi yemazuva pakawanda anoziva apo uye kana akaberekwa rwizi pemarudzi. Somuenzaniso, nhoroondo India yekare inoramba kumwe havaratidzi kudzidza. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanogara mariri vakasiya anenge asina sezvivako. kuyerera huru inonzi uchapupu pamusoro India yakabuda chete III remakore BC. e., kana pano nechisimba neuto Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Zvisinei, vamwe zvinokosha kutaura izvi zvose zvinobvira. Dzakatangira pamupata Indus River Indian nebudiriro ichaongororwa wechitatu kupfuura yekare mushure muEgipita uye Mesopotamian. Of vose yaiva pakukura tichitarisa munharaunda. Budiriro iyi inonziwo Harappan. Ikoko iye XXXIV - XIV emakore. BC. e. The kiyi payo raiva guta Mohenjo-Daro, Rakhigarhi, Harappa, Lothal uye Dholavira. The Vagari mumupata nourefu yebudiriro yakasvika mamiriyoni mashanu. SevaSumer akadana Meluhha India uye kunyange zvakaita kuti mugungwa kutengeserana.

Indian Cities

Harapptsy akanga dzakabudirira simbi nendarira, akakura building, yakanaka chivezwa. Panobva zvokurima ndiyo unodiridzwa kurima. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti guta Mohenjo-Daro chinhu yekare yevanhu zvimbuzi uyewo mvura uye sewerage gadziriro.

Indian kurima vaisanganisa ne hove uye kuvhima. Oceanfront saltwater hove dzakawanda. Kusvikira nguva apo rwizi yekare dzomunyika vakaberekerwa, vanhu havana maguta dzekare pfungwa shoko. With veMubatanidzwa guru ehurumende mumisha akatanga takapoteredzwa masvingo. guta rekare Indian raiva yakachengeteka wenhare ezasi muguta. Ivo zvakasiyana kunyatsogadzirira urongwa. Residential dzimba dzakavakwa kaviri-decker.

China

Dziva racho Yellow River - imwe nzvimbo rwizi yekare dzomunyika kumhuka. In chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC. e. pano akaumba ane dzinza munharaunda yacho Chinese vekare. Yokusiyana yebudiriro uyu kwayo kutopedza voga nevamwe vanhu yaitonga. Kana uchiziva pamusoro China uye West, pane nyika iyi inomiririra ngano unopinza, kunyange zvakawanda inoshamisa kupfuura India, iine incredible nzou.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, Budiriro iyi rapararira mhiri Yellow River bheseni uye kumaodzanyemba obzhila mumwe rwizi kukuru - Yanzy. Chinoshamisa rezasi mugero of Yellow River yachinja kanoverengeka zvichikonzerwa nemafashamo dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Kushandurwa uye pamhenderekedzo Bohai Bay, iyo ikatanga murwizi. Munguva dzekare, kuti Yellow River mupata wakange yakafukidzirwa dondo. Active basa evanhu akaparadza makwenzi. Zvichitevera vavo akaendepiko zvipembere, nzou, yemishenjere makonzo, uye tapirs. Kufanana nevamwe rwizi kwenzanga yekare Chinese mamiriro kutanga kupindira kwevanhu mune zvakatipoteredza.

The mukukurira zvakasikwa

marudzi vekare vaiva pangozi chaizvo dzinongoitika. Nei vakadaidza rwizi kwenzanga? Dzakasikirwa mumipata uye panguva iyoyo havana kuziva sei kukurira nemafashamo. njodzi dzakadaro vakatyisidzira kuti vaparadze rose nemisha. Mutsamba yaakanyorera Chinese shoko "nenhamo" kwenguva refu kuti anyore hunhu unoratidza rakapa kubva kurwizi mabhanga.

Chete pakati I chemakore BC. e. Yellow River Basin vagari vakadzidza sei kuti nematurusi simbi uye akabuda kunze floodplains. Zvino vaigona kuva ivhu yakapfuura dzisingambosvikiki zvakaoma. Pamusana hwevanhu ichi chakava zvishoma pfungwa yokushanda uye kutanga Colonisation pamusoro nemumakomo kumatunhu China. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya ichokwadi kuchamhembe inowanzorimwa kumatunhu. Masayendisiti kuziva apo uye kana aberekwa rwizi yekare kwenzanga vachiri kuwana mashoko matsva chokuita nhoroondo pamusoro China yekare.