Internal sechivako datya. Features datya mamiriro

Datya - randinenge mumiririri amphibians. Muenzaniso mhuka iyi inogona kudzidza zvinoitwa pekirasi yose. Nyaya ino inotsanangura muudzame womukati nemamiriro datya.

muviri zvifukidziro

Marsh datya anogara mumvura miviri nemabhangi yavo. It ane nyore zvokunze maumbirwo - munoremekedza sandara musoro, izvo dzinopera munguva pfupi mutumbi, akaderedza muswe, pfupi forelimbs vane minwe mina uye huine shure - mashanu. Zvichakubatsira kunzwisisa womukati maumbirwo datya mufanidzo achiratidza marangwanda uye zvikuru zvinoitwa nenhengo dzawo.

Chokutanga, tinofanira kuongorora paganda mhuka. muviri datya kuti akazadza kumeso pachena ganda zvakawanda mumasero zvipuka zvine masero akawanda kuti secrete madzihwa. chakavanzika ichi kugonyesa ganda, kubatsira varambe mvura, naivowo gasi exchange. Uyezve, zvinoita kunodzivirira anokuvadza tusingaoneki.

Mutete uye kusanduka datya ganda kwete chete kunodzivirira uye anoona zviwane, asi unoitawo basa rinokosha gasi exchange. Uyezve, datya absorbs mvura chete kuburikidza ganda. Ndokusaka zvakakodzera vakawanda nguva iri unyoro kana mvura.

marangwanda

Datya skeletal mamiriro ane zvinhu chokuita kuchinjira kumamiriro kufamba ari hock. Inoitwa pakati dehenya, musana, maoko nemakumbo uye marangwanda zvikamu. YeDehenya flattened, paupamhi. In mhuka vakura kuponesawo yakawanda shwashwa rinenge runobatanidza matatya hove Crossopterygii.

Short nomuzongoza chinomiririrwa mapoka mana: hunde, sacral, mutsipa uye muswe. Remuromo nomuzongoza ine chimwe vertebra serin'i chete, asi ndinoonga ayo mufambo datya angagona kuteura musoro wako.

Hunde nharaunda zvinosanganisira vertebrae nomwe. Mbabvu hwemhuka kwete. Sacral chidimbu zvakare hunomiririrwa chete vertebra, vakabatana chiuno. Last, rwemberi nokuparadzanisa dzinomiririrwa refu mapfupa urostyle riri kuumbwa 12 fused vertebrae.

Structure datya skeletal dzinonakidza nokuda peculiarities rokuumba nhengo dzake, iro rinobatanidza bhandi migumo marangwanda nomuzongoza. forelimbs bhandi rinosanganisira sternum, mashizha maviri, maviri rarira, uye mapfupa maviri clavicle pacharo forelimb chinosanganisira mafudzi, honokono uye ruoko uye minwe mina (munwe wechishanu iri kuchangotanga).

hadzi muzvidimbu nebhanhire nokuda guru mutoro zvikuru hombe kupfuura pamapfudzi. Iye anomiririrwa fused mapfupa pelvic. hindlimb marangwanda zvinosanganisira nhengo dzaro yehudyu mupambare uye rutsoka pamwe nezvigunwe shanu. Kureba hadzi makumbo maviri katatu kupfuura mberi.

muscularity

Datya Tsandanyama inogona kukamurwa segmented tsandanyama pamusoro hunde uye maoko nemakumbo, mutumbi tsandanyama vari metameric marongerwo (rakafanana tsandanyama hove). Tsandanyama pakati hadzi yayo uye shaya kunokudziridzwa zvikurukuru zvakanaka.

alimentary maitiro

Features datya mamiriro pachena zvinoonekwa muenzaniso sechivako ayo mumatumbu hurongwa. All zvomukati ose amphibian dziri coelomic mhango. mhando iyi bhegi ane masvingo akaumbwa masero epithelial. Inside the mhango ine shoma emura. Vazhinji mabhegi atore zvomudumbu zvomukati.

Zvomudumbu hurongwa kunotanga oropharyngeal mhango. On kwayo mutauro pasi vakakoshesa kuti anoshandisa datya kubata zvipembenene. Nokuda kujairika Chimiro nayo anokwanisa kuti vabudiswa panguva kumhanya kubva pamuromo uye vakanamatira munhu akuvara.

mapfupa Palatine, uyewo okumusoro nameno duku amphibians vari conical mu chimiro. Vanoshumira kwete dög, asi kupfuura zvose kuchengeta kurimwa pamuromo. Ichi chimwe kufanana ne hove Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika. Chakavanzika, secreted nokuda mate omumuviri, moisturizes ari oropharyngeal mhango uye zvokudya. Izvi hwezvekukurukurirana ingestion kwayo. Zvomudumbu makemikari datya mate harina.

Matatya zvomudumbu turakiti kunotanga pharynx. Izvi zvinoteverwa yegurokuro, uye ipapo - mudumbu. Zvinokonzera dumbu ndiye duodenum, vamwe ura inochengeterwa mu zvishwe. Rinoguma ura cloaca. Matatya kudya uye zvomudumbu mumasero - nerwatata.

Rakabatwa tichibatsirwa mutauro Kugadzirwa iri oropharynx, uye ipapo kuburikidza huro kupinda yegurokuro anopinda mudumbu. Masero iri pamasvingo mudumbu, hydrochloric asidhi uye voga kubudikidza pepsin kuti pave kugaya. Uyezve semidigested uremu vanofanira kuva duodenum, iyewo akadurura rwatata zvakavanzika uye runoyerera chiropa bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka.

Zvishoma nezvishoma duodenum zvinoenda ura duku, apo zvokudya zvose zviri kunyura. Zvasara chikafu chisingakonzerwi ozeyewa, kuwira yokupedzisira ura - pfupi uye yakafara mugaranhoko, tichipedzisira cesspool.

The womukati nemamiriro datya yayo mazana zvakasiyana. Vanhu vakuru vari zvikara uye kufudza zvikurukuru pamusoro tumbuyu, asi tadpoles - chaizvo herbivores chaidzo. Pashaya dzavo akaronga nyanga bwendefa nako mazana akanga ngaarayire pamwe diki algae mhenyu unicellular zvinenge izvi.

kufema maitiro

Interesting zviri dzomunyika nemamiriro datya kubatwa uye mweya. Chokwadi ndechokuti pamwe chiedza, chihombe muchinangwa nedanho gasi Exchange chinoita rirambe richibvira we amphibian ganda. Mapapu vari aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mutete-akavakirirwa masaga pajira riya rwomumwoyo nomumativi chaizvo richikurukura midziyo ropa.

Sezvo datya kufefetera? Amphibian anoshandisa mavharuvhu inokwanisa kuvhura uye nokuvhara mumhino uye pasi kufamba oropharynx. Kuti fema, kuti mhino akazarurwa, uye nechepasi oropharyngeal mhango iri akatura, uye mhepo iri mumuromo datya. Saka akaenda mumapapu, mhino akavhara, uye pasi oropharynx rinobuda. The nedzinovengwa zvinoitwa kuburikidza zvemapapu kuwa kure pamadziro uye kufamba pamusoro abdominal netsandanyama.

In vanhurume, kuti glottis akapoteredzwa chaiyo arytenoid cartilages, izvo mokudambura pahuro zvinokonzera. High vhoriyamu inopiwa nenzwi mabhegi, izvo yakaumbwa kubudikidza mucosa yacho oropharynx.

excretory maitiro

Internal sechivako datya, kana pane, ayo excretory hurongwa, Zvinoshamisawo chaizvo, nokuti tsvina yose amphibians zvinogona goho kuburikidza mumapapu uye ganda. Asi vakawanda vavo vari yabudiswa ne itsvo, izvo chiri panzvimbo sacral vertebra. Sami Mafundo vari oblong muviri, yakabatana musana. Masangano aya vane chaiwo glomeruli vanokwanisa inonzwika apo ropa kwokuparara zvigadzirwa.

Weti goho of ureters kupinda dundira, apo iri kuchengetwa. Mushure achizadza, dundira tsandanyama iri abdominal pamusoro cloaca ipfupi uye mvura iri pauri kunze kuburikidza cloaca.

kweropa maitiro

The womukati nemamiriro datya zvikuru kunzwisisa kupfuura hove. Mwoyo akura datya,-mupanda matatu, zvinosanganisira maviri atria uye ventricle. Nekuti kuroora ventricular arterial uye venous ropa zvishoma hwakakanyiwa, vaviri riparadzirwe haina kuparadzaniswa chose. Infundibulum Kuva longitudinal helical vharafu runoita kubva ventricle uye anoparadzira vakavhengana arterial ropa uye mumidziyo siyana.

Kodzero atrium chinoenda yakavhenganiswa ropa: venous rinobva zvomukati, uye arterial - kubva ganda. In atrium kuruboshwe kubva mumapapu anopinda arterial ropa.

Akaderedza atria panguva, uye ropa Hits maviri chete ventricle. Nokuda nemamiriro longitudinal vharuvhu arterial ropa runoyerera kuti nhengo yacho musoro uye uropi zvakavhenganiswa - kune mapazi uye nhengo dzomuviri, uye venous - kuti ganda uye nemapapu. Vechikoro zvinogona kuoma kunzwisisa womukati nemamiriro datya. Driving amphibian kweropa hurongwa kunobatsira kuona sei kutenderera inoshanda.

The kweropa nyika tadpoles ane kuparadzirwa chete chete, mumwe atrium uye mumwe ventricle, sezvinoita hove.

The nemamiriro datya uye neropa munhu akasiyana. Datya matsvuku masero vane neerekitironi, ane denderedzwa chimiro, uye mumwe murume - munhu biconcave chimiro, pokupedzisira chisipo.

kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa

The kwemakemikari anobudiswa Hurongwa zvinosanganisira matatya thyroid, dzokubereka uye rwatata, adrenal uye pituitary mumasero. The thyroid shwanu ichibereka mahormone zvakafanira okuguma metamorphosis uye kuramba muviri, kurara mumasero vane basa kubereka. Rwatata rinobatanidzwa kugaya zvokudya, zviri adrenal mumasero kubatsira chengetedza muviri. The pituitary shwanu kunobereka dzinoverengeka mahormone kuti itibatsire kukura, kukura uye ruvara hwemhuka.

tsinga

Tsinga yacho datya kunoratidzwa yakaderera azvipire kukura, zviri zvakafanana zvinoitwa kuti tsinga hove, asi ine zvakawanda mberi zvinhu. Uropi rakakamurwa kuva 5 zvikamu: zvenguva, zvenguva, mberi, medulla uye cerebellum. Hunoita nhengo nhatu zvakanaka dzakabudirira uye rakakamurwa hemispheres mbiri, chimwe nechimwe chine lateral ventricle - rinokosha mhango.

Maererano monotonous kufamba uye vakawanda kushayikwa muviri, kuti cerebellum ishoma. Medulla yakakura. All of datya uropi kubva vaviri vaviri gumi tsinga.

pfungwa

Rinokosha kuchinja amphibians pfungwa chokuita goho kubva aqueous svikiro pakaoma. Ndivo kare kuoma kupfuura hove, sezvo vanofanira kubatsira kufamba uye mumvura uye panyika. In tadpoles dzakabudirira lateral mutsetse nhengo.

Zvakaturikidzaniswa wakavanzika Epiderme e marwadzo, tactile uye tembiricha receptors. Papillae parurimi, denga uye shaya basa nhengo kuravidza. olfactory nhengo ine aiwanzopiwa wokushanda olfactory zvikwama izvo akazarura sezvo wokunze uye yomukati mumhino kupinda zvakatipoteredza uye oropharyngeal mhango, ukuwo. In mumvura, mhino akavhara, hwema miviri musaita.

Sezvo kunzwa yakatanga pakati nzeve umo chikwata kuatsanangura ruzha vibrations kuburikidza eardrum.

ziso datya kwakaita mamiriro kuoma, nokuti zvakakodzera kuona pasi mvura uye panyika. Dzivirira meso vakuru chinjwa kukotsira uye nictitating membrane. In tadpoles remakore ikoko. The cornea iziso datya convex izvo - lenticular. Amphibians ona kure zvakakwana uye vane ruvara zvawakaratidzwa.