Paris Club uye nhengo dzayo. Russian kusakarongeka pamwe Paris uye London Clubs. Zvakakurukurwa basa Paris uye London makirabhu pakati chikwereti

Paris uye London makirabhu kuti chikwereti vari kurongwa kurongwa neshamwari dzakawanda. Vanosanganisira wakasiyana vatori vechikamu vakasiyana uye mwero wavo simba. Paris uye London makirabhu dzakaumbwa kuti kugadzirisa zvikwereti dzichiri kusimukira. Ngatikurukurei mamwe mashoko sezvo ukama yeRussia mberi neshamwari izvi.

Zvakakurukurwa basa Paris uye London Club chikwereti

In izvi mibatanidzwa pane chinokosha maitirwo ezvinhu Zvokukurukura uye kugadzirisa nezvikwereti. Kusiyana varipo munyaya dzomunyika maumbirwo masangano. The London tsvimbo, Chokwadi, inopa Forum kuti rescheduling yemutoo wezvikwereti inopiwa zvebhizimisi rwezvemabhengi masangano, kwete nebumbiro nehurumende mukweretesi. The Kuwadzana haana zvachose sachigaro uye revanyori. Dzokuvhiya, uyewo kurongwa forum, akasiyana akasununguka hunhu. Paris Club yakaumbwa muna 1956. Rine 19 nhengo. Kusiyana London, Paris Club revises chikwereti kune pamutemo chikwereti. Mune chiitiko pakarepo kutyiswa asiri kuripwa chikwereti nehurumende nechikwereti kuteterera hurumende yeFrance. Dzatumira chikumbiro pamutemo kuti hurukuro pamwe Lenders.

Nhaurirano

The Paris Club iri kuronga zvakananga kudyidzana chikwereti nyika uye hurumende ichapa chikwereti. Chokutanga Gurukota rezvemari kana Central Bank sachigaro. Nokuda chikwereti ari Nhaurirano chipo vakuru kubva Bazi Finance, Ushumiri Affairs Foreign kana Bazi Economy. Uyewo chipo sevacherechedzi. Ndivo vamiririri World Bank, IMF, UNCTAD uye remunharaunda rwezvemabhengi masangano. Panguva Nhaurirano vakatanga mamwe mazano. The akabvuma mashoko akanyorwa. Gwaro iri riri pamutemo ane chete Advisory zvakasikwa. Zvinoita vaitaura kuti vamiririri kunyika, ramakagadzwa paiva nharo zvemari, pamusoro nhaurirano uye nemasaini kuti bilateral zvibvumirwano pamusoro amboshandurirwa ezvinhu ose nokuripira mitoro. Pasinei nokuti kugutsikana ane chimiro kurumbidza kwacho, zvatinopiwa kuti dzakati dzinoshanda mapato, uyo akagamuchira nayo. Maererano chibvumirano akapedzisa, izvo, akavapindurawo, vari pamutemo dzinosungirwa. Sarudzo, pakatangwa ezvinhu rinoitwa panheyo tenderano. Ndizvo pamusana Nhaurirano vanofanira aenderane mativi.

The kugadzirisa chikwereti yeSoviet Union

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ukama London kirabhu pashure kuparadzwa USSR, kunoteverwa dzakatevedzana matambudziko. The Soviet Union anonzi kuva kupfuura chikwereti kunyika dzose. Muna 1991 akazviratidza dambudziko rokutanga. Ipapo Moscow aramba kubhadhara yechimbadzo chikwereti of USSR. Mugadziriro of London Club akanga kuunganidzwa kanzuru chaiyo. Zvinosanganisira 13 zvokutengeserana mabhanga, kuti izvo Russian Federation kwave hunoshamisa. The chikuru basa raiva kugarwa pakati nokubatira yaimbova USSR. Kazhinji, mubvunzo iri nyore. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvakakwana kugadzirisa zvakaoma. Kusvikira Mumatsutso 1997, nguva dzose musangano Board. Ose mitatu kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro chokunyora muripo uye mubereko imwe 3 months. Chinzvimbo BPC (the Council) yakanga yakandiomera zvakakwana pakutanga. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti kunyange kana Moscow kuripa zvose kunonosa. nzvimbo iyi yakanga pachena akagadzira muna 1993. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kusvika panguva ino Moscow vasina Kunyatsoona chaiko chitsama wazvipira of USSR. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti chikwereti Uwandu kuti $ 80-120 bhiriyoni. Sezvo chokwadi kuti bhuku goridhe uye wokumwe Exchange Fund inenge $ 5 mabhiriyoni., Zviri pachena kuti muripo kwave kutonetsa.

Kutanga ugari

Okutanga matanho akatorwa A. Shokhin muna 1994. Panguva iyoyo akanga Mutevedzeri wehurumende muhurumende. Shokhin akakwanisa kutaurirana Fonttsem (musoro BPC) deferment 5 makore mubereko uye kuripwa chikwereti mumakore 10. Asi ichi chiyero akaonekwa duku. Her vakafunga yakakura kuvandudzwa huru chikamu sungiro uye vaunganidza kufarira kuti Russian Federation hurumende zvisungo. Danho rinotevera yakaitwa muna 1995, itsva wemutungamiri wehurumende Vladimir Panskov. Akabvuma kugadzirisa makore 25. Pashure paizvozvo, pamberi Moscow aiva sarudzo. Aipinda kuomerera achinyora kure nemigwagwa chikamu chikwereti kana kuenda mberi kugadzirisa. The kupfuura vaifarira Chokwadi, tarisa musimboti wokutanga. Asi chisarudzo chake aitenge nokuda vanachandagwinyira panzvimbo mabhanga German. Ivo chakaita kuti vanenge 53% of chikwereti. Shure zvishoma kuzeza kwakasarudzwa kuenda nokuda mberi kugadzirisa.

ari nuances kunyora kure

Pakutanga, zvakadai mukana inopiwa kamwe chete. Panyaya iyi, chikwereti anofanira kuripa yasara zvakakwana omarara purogiramu. Mukuwedzera, mamiriro kuchengetedzeka itsva umo kuvandudzwa muzvikwereti anoenderana Eurobonds. Nokuti chero kunonoka muchinjikwa default akataura pamusoro pavo. Zvinonzi, maererano, kunotoreva rakapinza kuderera rehurumende kuera dzaro voga pamisika yemari dzakawanda.

zvimwe zviitiko

Muna August 2009, hurumende vakabvumira kutanga pamusoro Bazi rezveMari kuti kugarwa nechitarisiko zvikwereti of USSR. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti zvichanzi kubhadharwa inenge $ 34 miriyoni .. Panguva iyoyowo Lenders 9.000.000. Not akataura zvavanoda agadzirise chikwereti. Zvimwe hurukuro vakanga varonga navo. Somugumisiro nhanho Bazi Finance akakwanisa kupedza kuripwa ezvokutengeserana chikwereti nokuchinjana USD mamiriyoni 405,8 Eurobonds pamwe maturities -. 2010 uye 2030 ndipo. The uwandu kutenda, maererano mupepanhau kubva Ushumiri, akaita kupfuura 1900.

Paris Club chikwereti uye Russia

Pashure pokuwa USSR, yakanga vaifunga kuti rekuUnited hurumende uchatakura mugove wavo mhosvawo chikwereti chenyika aivapo. Panguva iyoyo akanga 90 bln. Dollars. Pamwechete chikwereti nomumwe State yave akavimba uye runoenzanirana basa zvinhu. Zvisinei, mune tsika zvikazooneka kuti chete Russia aigona kusangana ayo mitoro. Panyaya iyi, nokuda yakawiriranwa chibvumirano, kwakasarudzwa kuti Russian Federation anotora pamusoro yose chikwereti chinoda mukutsinhana kwavo renunciation ane migove vari midziyo. Yakanga yava chisarudzo chakaoma, asi zvinokwanisika kuchengetedza nyika nzvimbo pamisika nyika uye akabatsira kusimbisa chivimbo yemakambani dzimwe makambani.

zvokukura Nhaurirano

Paris Club uye Russia vakabata hurukuro mumatanho dzakawanda. Vakatanga pakarepo mushure pamutemo payakazivisa pokufa USSR. Danho rokutanga anotora kuverenga kubva 1992. In kuumbwa zviri Paris Club of chikwereti inopa pfupi-rokuti mwedzi mitatu-nyasha nguva iri mutsividzo muzvikwereti wokunze. By Danho ichi rinoshanda kuti chikwereti kubva IMF 1 bln. Dollars. The rechipiri kutotanga kwakaitika kubvira muna 1993 kusvika 1995. The Paris Club vakabvuma kusaina rokutanga zvibvumirwano Russia iri kugadzirisa. Maererano zvibvumirano izvi munyika achipfeka mitoro ose USSR, nesimba iro inowira munguva kubva December 1991 kusvika January 1995. Wechitatu danho rakatanga muna April 1996. Russia uye Paris Club chikwereti vakabvumirana apedza chibvumirano yavo izere. Maererano naye, chikwereti zvachose oda $ 38 mabhiriyoni Panguva iyoyowo 15% wavo vanotarisirwa kugadziriswa pamusoro 25 Makore akatevera, kusvikira 2020-vakasuwa uye 55%, izvo zvinosanganisira chikwereti pfupi -. Kwemakore 21. The restructured chikwereti aifanira rwakabhadharwa kuna tinofanira kugara vanosvika 2002.

gwaro

Akanga chasainwa 17 September 1997. Paris Club uye Russia akasaina gwaro Kunzwisisa. Iye akasika nyika accession kuti mubatanidzwa wenguva mukwikwidzi. Sezvo kusaina kuti gwaro chikwereti kutaura kubva kuRussia zvakafanana chokuva kuti dzimwe nyika.

dzakati

June 30, 2006, zvakaziviswa pamusoro mangwanani nokuripira muzvikwereti. Panguva kusaina yacho dzakati zvachose munataisireva vakasvika $ 21.6 billion .. This chikwereti kugadzirisa kwakaitika muna 1996 uye 1999. 2006 asati, kuRussia basa uye kubhadhara mitoro. The dzakati inopa nokuda kwokuripirwa chikwereti pa ndima, uye chikamu - panguva musika ukoshi. Maererano ichangobva ravakadzikunurwa munataisireva kuti vane pamwero wakasimba. Zvikwereti izvi mhando zvakagoverwa nenhengo nevaya Paris Club, sezvo Netherlands, Great Britain, France, uye Germany. The shoma nokuti mangwanani mutsividzo kuti nyika idzi yairema anenge $ 1 billion. Kubhadhara US chikwereti akatakurwa sezvadziri, asi America uyewo akapa chikwereti pane wakaiswa pamwero.

Recent kubhadhara

Mushure zvibvumirano A. Kudrin akati kuti Vnesheconombank uchaisa chikwereti kusvikira 21 August. Rakanga riri zuva rino, kuti Paris Club akagashira kubva Russian Federation akabhadhara kufarira. Ake chivimbiso hwakazadzika gurukota rezvemari. In pakati zuva musi August 21 panguva yebasa bhengi racho Website vaiva mashoko dzakaitwa okupedzisira anotamisa waanomupa chikwereti nokuda. Saka, zano kubhadhara vakasvika bhiriyoni 1.27 madhora, kuburikidza mangwanani mubhadharo akatumwa 22,47 bhiriyoni. Mumwe okutanga munyika, izvo nhoroondo kukasawedzerwa, aiva Australia. Mark Vail (Vice Premier veHurumende) akati panguva chemhosva mangwanani inoratidza nokusimbaradza wokuRussia zvoupfumi uye anoshumira chinhu chinokosha bilateral ukama. Asati kusaina kuti June Russian chibvumirano ichaongororwa chikuru nechikwereti. Paris Club kubva pokuwa USSR akaita akaisa basa rayo pamusoro richisvika sungano Moscow. Pashure mutsividzo chikwereti yose, nyanzvi dzakawanda akatanga kutaura pamusoro rinenge ratangwa rinofanira kupera mberi kushanda yeidzi. Kuwedzera Russian Federation, vachiri mutsividzo pakumanikidzwa, nyika dzakadai kuPeru, Algeria. Kunyange dzimwe nguva kare, kuti Paris Club akanga asingazivi kuti inoti izvi hazvigoni kungoita kubhadhara zvikwereti, uye kuita mberi ichi nguva. Vnesheconombank kubhadhara dzakaitwa muna pfumbamwe mari. Nokuti kuchinjwa mari Bazi Finance kare vakatsinhanisa mabhiriyoni 600 rubles mu Maeuro nezviratidzo zvemadhora. Principal kubhadhara vaiva izvi mari. Pashure azere mutsividzo pamusoro chikwereti Russia akava azere nhengo Paris Club.

zvabuda

Pasinei nezvinetso pamwe kudyidzana reRussia pamwe Paris uye London Clubs, yeRussia akakwanisa vachiri kubvisa kare zvikwereti. Songaniro izvi kubvira pakutanga ivepo, ave chinokosha kubatana pakati penyika ichipa uye kugamuchira mari mitoro. Vanotsvaka kuti asanyanya mutoro nyika zvakananga kushumira zvikwereti zvavo. Panguva iyoyowo chinangwa yavo kuchengetedza solvency zviri anokwereta pakupedzisira. Russian Federation anotsvaka misoro yokusvika nekugadzirisa matambudziko dzakawanda chikwereti, pasi zvinofarirwa mapato. The chikwereti dambudziko kuti yakabuda munzvimbo 90s, waiva mugumisiro mumwe confluence ane vanoshorwa chinangwa uye kuzviitira ezvinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko Russian akakwanisa kuratidza ukoshi hwavo uye kugona kugamuchira kwete chete, asiwo kuti kuzadzisa dzomunyika mitoro. kubhadhara Early havasi chete akaita kuti zvibvire kuti kudzivisa kuripwa zvikwereti uye tightening, asiwo nechokwadi zvizere kubatanidzwa kuti Russia muna Paris Club.

mhedziso

Pari mbiri Rating kunokosha zvikuru chero nyika. Tichifunga akaoma zvoupfumi ezvinhu munyika, unofanira kunzwisisa zvakajeka nezvavanoda uye zvinogonekwa. Zvinofanira akati kuti paumbwe paruzhinji chikwereti chakaita bhajeti dhefisiti. Uye iyewo, ndiyo uwandu chokufuka mumakomba bhajeti yose nguva ariko munyika. External chikwereti - mitoro kuti mumuviri vanhu uye masangano nedzimwe nyika. Iye necessitates kuvapo kurongwa neshamwari sezvo London uye Paris Clubs.