Physical mamiriro yomunyu. Salt, Chemistry

Vanopfuura mamiriyoni 10 Organic uye vanopfuura 500,000 inorganic yeimwe dzinozivikanwa mishonga nhasi. Pakati pavo vari kuoma munyika marongerwo uye zvivako, dzinoshandiswa chete kwemakemikari kana mishonga zvinangwa. Uye pane avo vari nyore kuwana uye zvinoitwa chaizvo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Asi hapana kudukupiswa uye chinokosha. Mumwe akadaro zvinhu anorondedzera munyu. In pamba payo Anonziwo zvokudya uye zvemakemikari indasitiri inonzi yavaibvisa chloride kana yavaibvisa chloride. Mukuita indasitiri kunonzi chicherwa kuti anoumba zvakasikwa - halite uye padombo munyu kana dombo munyu. Ngatikurukurei mamiriro ezvinhu aggregation munyu, mamiriro, zvivako, kugadzira, kushandiswa uye Kutarisirwa nhoroondo vakawanda rinodyiwa.

Mune dzimwe inoti pane munyu?

Chii mamiriro ezvinhu mumuviri uye sei zvinoitika? Zvinoenderana worudzii fuma iri mubvunzo. mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe vakuru 7 kirasi MUNOGONA mamiriro aggregation munyu, nokuti pfuma iri imba ose. Nhasi, pasina zvakaomera murume ano kufungidzira upenyu hwake. Uyezve uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro munyu zvakajeka akashama ziso - nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka kana coarsely ngavapwe chimiro dzose cubic crystals. Zvisinei, Kuparadzwa munyu nemvura, tisimuke pawo yakasiyana ezvinhu aggregation - mvura. Zvimwechete patinokura, kana isu chete zvinonyauka kuti crystals panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Mamiriro chete zvisina kwese kuti munyu - zviri gaseous. Asi pasi zvimwe zvinhu unogona kuchiwana pamwe.

Conditions nokuti kuchinja mamiriro aggregation

1. Kuti vawane munyu nemvura nezviripo kubvunda yakasimba crystals rwokuzvarwa mavambo, zvakakodzera kushandisa tembiricha kuti 800 ° ^C.
2. Kutendeutsa munyu mugomba gaseous pakusava ikanyauka crystals kuunzwa kuti mota (anenge 1400 ^C) uye mota kusvikira zvizere achichinja kubva STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba mu ions (Na ⁺ uye CL ^-).
3. Solid ezvinhu aggregation yomunyu - ndiwo ayo dzinongoitika Kutarira dzinongoitika ezvinhu.

zvakawanda tembiricha zvakadaro sei apo vaishandisa crystals? Izvi zvinotsanangurwa maererano sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro.

mechanical yekamuri

Rinomiririra zvakarurama chiso zvakatinakira cubic segirazi crystals. Mumwe pakona kuutio (yekamuri pfungwa) vari rave chokwadi mhosva Na ⁺ ions uye okusafarira mhosva ions CL ^-. Nokuda zvikuru akasiyana electronegativities kwemaatomu pakati pavo saka pane simba electrostatic kukwezvana kuti kuparadza zvachose mamiriro ayo anofanira kuiswa (mukuru tembiricha, zvokuimba zvakamubaya). Izvi rworudzi yekamuri chikazozikamwa Ionic, uye maitire zvose alkali, alkaline pasi uye iitike simbi.

Saka zvakajairika munyu tembiricha (zvose utsotso uye dzokuvidza) kunyange yakakwirira. Zvisinei zvichibvira kwete chete kuwana crystals pamusoro cubic chimiro, asi pyramidal (eight-, twelve- uye icosahedral). Kuti aite izvi, iwe nyore kuchinja munyu mhinduro kwemvura tembiricha mune imwe nzira. Chero zvazvingava, dzomunyika mhango izere mura crystals, kana chiri mhinduro yomunyu mumvura.

Makemikari yokuita yavaibvisa chloride riri nyore uye zvokuvamba sezvamunoita akaratidza NaCL.

The ehupfumi kuti halite chaiko

ehupfumi zvokunyama yavaibvisa chloride inogona akarondedzerwa pakawanda:

• Solid crystals michena, pink, zvitema, nezvishava, zvitsvuku. Makara pakuti kuvapo nouipi vari dzokubudisa. sekristaro Kwakachena chena fuma.
• Soluble nemvura munzvimbo reshiyo anenge 100/30 (muna 100 g mvura 30 d munyu). solubility Good nokuda pamberi mvura dipoles dzinobatana kumativi pacharo yavaibvisa uye kuiisa chlorine ions, kukonzera kuparadzwa electrostatic kukwezvana pakati pavo uye, naizvozvo, kuparadzwa sekristaro napamahwindo.
• Unodzora uye mamota panguva yakakwirira tembiricha (800-1400 ° ^C).
• Ine simba kunhuwa inofadza.
• Wakawanda kuravira.

Makemikari ehupfumi kuti yavaibvisa chloride

Sezvo chero paavhareji-soluble munyu, yavaibvisa chloride anokwanisa kupinda kudyidzana pamwe:

• Other munyu ne mukutsinhana siyana (chinodiwa: maitiro gasi kuparadzana, kunayisa kana inotungamirwa malodissotsiiruemogo fuma): NaCL + AgNO ₃ = Nano ₃ + AgCL (chena curdy precipitate). Izvi Qualitative maitiro pamusoro Ion CL ^-.
• With nesimbi, akasiya rimire EHRNM yavaibvisa: K + NaCL = KCL + Na.
• Dissociates mu aqueous mhinduro kusunungura hydrated ions dipoles mvura: NaCL _{(aqueous peji-p)} = Na ^{+ +} CL ^-. Zvinoguma munyu inova simba electrolyte.
• Hazvina pasi hydrolysis, sezvo ari munyu aumba ane simba asidhi uye simba chawo.
• Munguva electrolysis (remagetsi) uchiora kuumbika vakasununguka zvinhu uye yavaibvisa hydroxide (caustic pasoda): NaCL = Na + Cl ₂ + NaOH.

Where zvakasikwa rine yavaibvisa chloride?

Pari, zvakafanana munyu - imwe pfuma inowanzoitwa kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. Kunyange kwagara, asi munguva dzekare uye neMiddle Ages zvaionekwa chigadzirwa zvinodhura chaizvo. Zvose izvi kubva chokwadi kuti vaiziva hapana nzira munyu dzokubudisa kubva dzinongoitika zvinyorwa. Uye mabhuku aya reserves zvenyika vakawanda kudaro - halite vaiona anenge risingaperi dzinongoitika mokuwana. Uripiko munyu kuwanikwa zvakasikwa?

1. Makungwa, uye nyanza mvura munyu.
2. Salt madhamu.
3. Salt matsime.
4. Pasi Pevhu.
5. Water estuaries.

dzokubudisa kuti halite

Mokusvinwa uye kubudiswa munyu nokuzvidya Michina kwavo mined fuma kazhinji kukodzera rinodyiwa nokuda mukuru kugutsikana nouipi. Mined dombo munyu munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, somuenzaniso:

• kubudikidza pachivande kuchera;
• of akaturikidzana pazasi munyu madziva;
• nokuda kwemvura kana -oma kunze vava gungwa kana yomugungwa mvura;
• Kusimuka kwemvura Pasi Pevhu.

Kana nzira inoita kuti zvibvire kuti vawane crystals pamusoro halite. Zvisinei, rinodyiwa nevanhu, vane chete mhando kurapwa - kukuya. Pashure pezvose, kashoma kuti mumwe munhu ari kushandisa imba dzokubikisa hombe sekristaro munyu. Kakawanda, zvava muna kucheneswa nouipi, akapwanyika akapotsa kupinda upfu muchimiro. Panewo maonero iodized munyu, fluoridated uye zvichingodaro, kwete chete nokuti zvokudya asiwo rwokugadzira zvinangwa.

Application munyu

Mafomu uye kushandiswa yavaibvisa chloride vari yakakura. The chikuru pamwechete mienzaniso uye migumisiro vari kuratidzwa Table.

Nyaya muupenyu hwemazuva

Sol akazviratidza pamatafura mumba neimwe hakusi pakarepo. Kamwe zvaibatsira ayo uremu nendarama, uye truest mupfungwa. Muzana XVIII remakore, vamwe Narody Afriki vakashandura tsama munyu pamusoro tsama jecha yendarama. Gare gare muna Ethiopia yomunyu wedges vaiva mureza mari. MuRoma yekare, vemauto Masoja eRoma kunyange pamwedzi mari vakapiwa fuma iyi kuti pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kutumidza varwi vavo. Vana varombo African kungoti ukananzva zvidimbu amabwe tafura munyu somunhu delicacy. Muna Netherlands Rakashandiswsa rokuranga matsotsi kuti kurwadziswa. Guilty haana kupa munyu, uye mumwe murume akafa pfupi.

Kokutanga kusarudza uye upise zvokudya zvinhu izvi, vanhu vakadzidza kare. Zvino yakawanikwa kuti munyu huri zvinomera. Naizvozvo, vakapiswa, nemadota waishandiswa sechiratidzo omesa. Gare gare muna China vakadzidza sasana munyu nemvura gungwa, uye muitiro wayo kugadzirira nzira akatanga kufamba nokukurumidza.

MuRussia, abudisa munyu kubva madhamu (yakakurumbira munyu madhamu kuti Russia saka kure - Elton uye Baskunchak). Zvadaro kutengeswa kukosha zvinhu hadziwanzowaniki chaizvo. Zvikaramba izvozvo vatengesi mashomanana, uyo akabva kutengeswa yakakurisa mitengo. Mari kuti munyu aigona chete vapfumi nevakakurumbira vanhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, kudhinda uye kugadzirwa vakanga kugadziridzwa. nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzokubudisa uye kubudiswa simbi kushandiswa, uye nhasi rimwe inonyanya mhuri zvinhu - munyu. Chemistry pamusoro remubatanidzwa ichi, zvivako uye kushanda mune zvokurapa uye mamwe maindasitiri vave kuzivikanwa kubva anenge XVI-XVII emakore.

Kudzidza kosi chikoro

The kudzidza marongerwo mamiriro aggregation, uyewo zvemakemikari ehupfumi munyu rinotanga kuchikoro, mukati anoranga akadai kemisitiri (Grade 8). Munyu kosi chikoro akadzidza dzose dzavo kusiyana zvakasikwa. Vadzidzi kunzwisisa makemikari hwaro empirical Masvomhu, dzinokosha mumuviri uye nemakemikari zvivako. Kuti zvijeke uye zvivanakire nomusoro Masvomhu uye zvivako muviri ari flyleaf bhuku makhiriniki tafura munyu zvinopa pfungwa solubility kwavo mumvura. Ikoko unogona kuwana ruzivo pamusoro solubility pamusoro acids, alkalis uye nezvigadziko.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti munyu zvavo fusibility pamusoro izvo kunobva kugadzirwa dzavo zvakasikwa. Students kuwana nyore nzira yavo angapedze matambudziko ari utsotso maitiro yomunyu. Tafura uye akajeka mifananidzo kuona kwete chete fusible zvokunyama kana refractory, asi kuona anofungidzirwa utsotso pfungwa uye Kubika. Kazhinji, namatafura izvi vakarongawo mu mabhuku ( "Chemistry", Grade 8). Munyu unofanira akadzidza ari akapoteredza sayenzi akadai zvipenyu uye wefizikisi. Naizvozvo, yakatarwa mabasa vadzidzi yakavakirwa pamusoro kusangana pakati interdisciplinary kubatana.