Ergot - chii ichi?

Chepfu howa rine ergot alkaloids ngozi, ndiye dambudziko hwokurima uye panguva imwe chete artificially kukudziridzwa kuti mishonga zvinangwa. Its nokukurumidza kupararira pazvirimwa kuMiddle Ages kwakakonzera chidzoke dzakawanda pamusana ingestion utachiona furawa chingwa.

zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasikwa zvinoshamisa nzira, uye kuti unogona kuuraya, panguva imwe chete anokwanisa kuporesa.

Chii ergot?

Ergot - a genus kuti notumwe kubva mhuri chete. Vose parasitic pamusoro zviyo, kusanganisira rye uye gorosi. Unogona kuwana shanduro zita chakuvhe - uterine nyanga. Zita "ergot" rinobva Old Russian rinoreva "zvakawanda, zvakawandisa." gangaidzo ukoshi kwakadaro, maererano nyanzvi O. Trubacheva, mumazuva iwayo akatakura euphemistic hunhu.

Sclerotia vane oblong-elongated, mativi zvishoma chakasimba paumbwe curved chimiro pamwe longitudinal makatsemuka uye wrinkles. Pemvura vatema nezvishava, dzimwe nguva vaine chena maruva kuti nyore kusiya pamusoro mhosva ruvara kana jena yero tinge. Sclerotia urefu kunoenderana zvaimirirwa bota, iyo anovandudza ergot (aimiririra pamusoro). Somuenzaniso, rye - iri 1-3 masendimita uye dhayamita 6 mm.

Ergot muna Ages

Kusvibisa mhuka uye vanhu ergot alkaloids ine zita rayo - ergotism. Chiitiko, nenzira, zvesayenzi rikaratidzwa uye kuMiddle Ages, vakatora vakawanda hunhu. Panguva iyoyo, undemanding kuti ivhu uye chipembenene nemishonga rye akura kwose kwose, uye chingwa chiri sadza. The tsanga utachiona vari kukava furawa uye nokudaro kuwana patafura. Ergotism akakonzera hombe denda, uye paiva chaiyo Order of Antonito vanoitira utachiona vanhu.

Professor Sheyn Rodzhers paUniversity of Clarkson pamwe ake akapedza Vadzidzi havawanzoiti dambudziko zvipoko vakasvika pakugumisa kuti mumisha yakawanda, kwaiva chinoshamisa inzwi kana chiono, kuwedzera mamwe marudzi ngozi chakuvhuvhu kuti anogona kuva nezvahunoita vagari. pfungwa iyi inosimbisa fungidziro pamusoro simba ergot zviitiko Ages Europe, kusanganisira uroyi yakadaro, muHondo. In mufananidzo pamusoro - kupenda by Flemish painter, unoratidza zvinokonzerwa ergotism chekorera.

Ergot - a chakuvhe parasitic kuna alkaloids, izvo, maererano nedzimwe mishumo, havasi chete chepfu, asi fungidziro, kugwinha, kuvaviwa. Nhoroondo Zviratidzo izvi vanozivikanwa se "varoyi chinyamunhari chinorwadza" uye "neronda rinonyenga." Alkalodidy hatiparadzwi kunyange pashure Kupisa kurapwa (kugocha chingwa). Maitiro akadaro wevarwere pamusoro mune zvechitendero kunotungamirira inosuruvarisa.

Ichitanga Kugadzirwa chakuvhe

Fungal mycelium ane yakatsvukuruka tinge, ayo inotungamirwa rinowanikwa muchirimo, ine chimiro namakumbo misoro, zviri pamusoro mupudzi zvakaumbwa mitumbi fruiting (perithecia), zvakajeka kuoneka mufananidzo pazasi. In yokupedzisira Rwako pabonde chichiitwa, inova Fusion gametangliev, kwamakadarika zygote. It pakarepo anopinda weboka (meiosis) mukati bhegi (the kumbira) aumba kubva mycelium yacho chakuvhe.

Ipapo muchirimo ergot mbeu (spores) nemhepo kana tupukanana kuparadzira makiromita akawanda kumativi. Kamwe muna pistil bota maruva miti, ivo imere uye pakupedzisira zviyo hauna kuumbwa, uye fungal mycelium. Inobudisa Urume chaiyo kuti chinokwezva zvipembenene (honeydew). Nenzira iyi, pane humwe kupararira pedyo chakuvhe spores. Mushure ovary iri kwezvinoshandiswa, panzvimbo yayo, Yaunoti sclerotia - hwamanda kuumbwa fused hyphae yacho chakuvhe. Kana uswa chaibva, rikawira pasi uye overwinter muvhu, uye muitiro inodzokororwa zvakare muchirimo.

Mushroom mune zvokurima

Special kurimwa ergot kunokosha kuenzanisa kukuvadza kubva kuminda yake zvokurima. Maererano dzakawanda zvinodiwa, zviri fungal spores zviyo chepfu hakufaniri kupfuudza 0,05%. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika akaisa nezvaidiwa semhedziso kusavapo spores mu pakugadzira zvinhu, zvikurukuru muIjipiti. Ergot iri kuparadzirwa nokukurumidza uye mune imwe mari nguva dzose aripo muminda. Maererano nenyanzvi, kuunza ayo tigutsikane wokupedzisira zviyo razero zvakaoma zvikuru, asi zviri hunonzi zvinobvira.

Vakawanda ergot yegorosi, rye uye bhari. Huru kwazvo kurwisa chakuvhe - wandei pamusoro pasikweya ose mbeu nokuwa (kwematsutso) Tillage pashure pakukohwa. Sclerotia akauraya kana kurima. Somunhu matanho nechiyero, izvozvo akataura kusarudza nokudyara mhando vane pfupi uye mawa maruva nguva uye kuchengeta mitemo zvirimwa kutenderera.

Zvinhu kuita kupararira ergot manyoro sora uye tiri Precursors kweminda, kunayisa zhinji pachiimbwa mhepo iri bota ruva nguva, chando uye ramakore, iyo inosvitsa Munotatamura pamusoro maruva nguva.

Propagation uye kurimwa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ergot - a chakuvhe, vakapararira kwose kune zviyo bota. Chinonyanya yakanaka okunze chinoita nokuti mukuru mwando (70%).

Sezvambotaurwa kumusoro, nokuti mishonga zvinangwa chakuvhe, ergot kureva nezvishava, akura zvikuru. Kuti aite izvi, pane mapurazi makwenzi, kunyanya muna Novosibirsk uye Kirov kumatunhu Russia, Belarus. Hura rye zvikuru inoculated pamwe spores ari chakuvhe manually kana jekiseni michina. Goho panguva imweyo matani 4 muzana hectare.

MuThe mbishi zvinhu rinoitwa munguva ichiibvira, apo nyanga inopendwa mu imwe purplish mashava ruvara, omarara uye hunogona kungoparara kuparadzaniswa kubva nzeve. The akaunganidza zvinhu chikapwa ari tsime ventilated zvitoro pa achiipa. kune rapera inosimbisa Inoda mwando asingapfuuri 11% uye kuvapo nouipi iri mari shoma pane 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

In mishonga shandisa nyanga (sclerotia) kuti ergot. Vane yegwara stereoisomeric alkaloids matanhatu. Mumwe rinoita levorotatory anoenderana mudukusa simba dextrorotatory isomer. Zvikurukuru, uye ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine uye ergokristinin, uye ergozin ergozimin, ergocryptine uye ergokriptinin etc. chikuru chezvinonhuwira kuti levorotatory alkaloids -. Lysergic acid. Murwiyo uye zviri alkaloids zvaanoda zvoutachiona rudzi chakuvhe zvimwewo zvinoitika uye chirimwa nehondo.

Kuwana LSD

kemisiti Swiss Albertom Hofmanom (yaifananidzira pamusoro) muna 1938, ari nomukaka zviri lysergic acid iri ergot, rwaiwanikwa nemakemikari kugadzirira - nomukurumbira LSD. 5 Kwapera makore, ichi chete murume akawana hallucinogenic ehupfumi pakati mukomboni. Pari LSD munyika dzakawanda akarambidza UN Convention, uyewo muitiro kutsvakurudza. Kunze ndiye Switzerland kubva 2008 kuitisa kurapa pamwe mundima yayo varwere nechirwere chisingarapiki, kusanganisira panguva yakaoma zvokukura kenza.

The kushandiswa mushonga

On kushanda alkaloids mukurapa anozivikanwa kwenguva yakareba. Ergot - a chakuvhe, achishingaira kushandiswa obstetric tsika. Zvinonzi inobva zvinodhaka vanokonzera kwenguva refu uye simba uterine sunga uye kumisa uterine ropa. Izvi zviri kukonzerwa kuvapo physiologically vanoshingaira levorotatory alkaloids, kunyanya ergometrine. Zviri shoma chepfu pane vamwe, nguva chiito hakusi mupristi, asi mugumisiro uri nokukurumidza.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids nhaka kunyaradza ehupfumi. Panyaya iyi, vanokosheswa pakurapa BP, migraine, chirwere Basedow vake, vairwara nepfungwa.

Ergot chepfu kunoitika kwete pakati pavanhu chete, asiwo unowanikwa mhuka. Sezvo tsanga mundoafudza Zvinokoshawo kuongorora kuchena kuti inosimbisa zviyo nokuda yehuku uye zvipfuwo. The chikuru chiratidzo nomuchetura ndiyo necrosis ari muswe, nzeve uye maoko nemakumbo.

Heunoi iye, ergot. tsika iyi nemhaka wokupa yose zvechokwadi kwakabatsira nyika yakatipoteredza. Kana howa duku achaita matenda, kana richava inobudirira mishonga, izvozvo zvinoenderana yakarurama yokutaura hwevanhu.