Quantum entanglement: chidzidzo, chirevo, chiito

Iyo yegoridhe yakapura mashizha emiti yakatsvaira. Mazuva ezuva manheru akabatana nechepamusoro. Chiedza chakagadzira nzira mumatavi ezvo ndokugadzira kushanda kwezvifananidzo zvinoshamisa zvakapenya pamadziro eyunivesiti "kapterka".

Sir Hamilton aitarisa kutarisa akazorora zvishoma, achitarisa mutambo we chiaroscuro. Musoro weIrish yemasvomhu pakanga pane kunyatsoputika kwepfungwa, pfungwa uye zvigumo. Ainyatsoziva kuti kutsanangurwa kwezviitiko zvakawanda nekubatsirwa kweNewtonian mechanics kwakafanana nemitambo yemumvuri pamadziro, kunyora zvinyorwa zvekunyengera uye kusiya mibvunzo yakawanda isina kupindurwa. "Zvichida iri kuwedzerwa ... kana zvichida ruzivo rwezvikamu," musayendisiti akaratidza, "kana chiedza chiratidzo chezvinhu zvose izvi. Kufanana nemifananidzo yakavezwa kubva mumvuri uye chiedza. "

The Beginning of Quantum Physics

Zvinonakidza kucherechedza vanhu vazhinji uye kuedza kunzwisisa kuti mazano makuru anoberekwa anochinja nzira yekushanduka kwevanhu vose. Hamilton ndomumwe wevaya vakamira pakatanga kuberekwa kwemafizikiki evanhu vakawanda. Makore makumi mashanu gare gare, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, masayendisiti mazhinji akadzidza chepakutanga. Ruzivo rwakagadzirwa rwakanga rwuri kupesana uye rwakasununguka. Zvisinei, matanho okutanga akadzika akatorwa.

Kunzwisisa microcosm muzana ramakumi maviri remakore

Muna 1901 mhando yekutanga yeatomu yakaratidzwa uye kusagadzikana kwayo kwakaratidzwa, kubva panzvimbo ye electrodynamics yakawanda. Munguva imwecheteyo, Max Planck naNiels Bohr vanoparidza mabasa mazhinji pamusoro pemamiriro eatomu. Pasinei nebasa ravo rakaoma, pakanga pasina kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwechimiro cheatomu.

Makore mashomanana gare gare, muna 1905, musayendisiti wechidiki wechiGermany Albert Einstein akaparadzira mushumo pamusoro pekugona kwehuwandu hwemwenje mumatunhu maviri-wave uye zvinyorwa (particles). Mune basa rake, nharo dzakapiwa, kutsanangura chikonzero chekuregererwa kwemuenzaniso. Zvisinei, chiratidzo chaEinstein chakanga chisinganzwisisiki kunzwisisa kwekare kwemufananidzo weatomu.

Mushure memabasa akawanda naNiels Bohr nevamwe vake muna 1925 nhungamiro itsva yakasimuka - rudzi rwemagetsi akawanda. Izwi rakapararira - "quantum mechanics" rakaonekwa mushure memakore makumi matatu.

Chii chatinoziva pamusoro pe quanta uye zvinyorwa zvavo?

Kusvika iye zvino, physum yemaanti yakaenda zvakakwana. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvakazaruka. Asi chii chatinoziva? Mhinduro yacho inopiwa kune imwe nyanzvi yemazuva ano. "Mufizikiki yakawanda munhu anogona kutenda, kana kuti asinganzwisisi," - iyi ndiyo tsanangudzo yaRichard Feynman. Funga nezvazvo iwe pachako. Kufanirwa kutaura pamusoro pechiitiko chakadai sekutengesa kwenhamba yezvikamu. Ichi chiitiko chakakonzera nyika yesayenzi munzvimbo yekushungurudzika kwakakwana. Chimwe chikonzero chikuru chekuti chirevo chekupedzisira chinopesana nemitemo yeNewton neEinstein.

Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuwanda kwepononi yephotons zvakatanga kurukurwa muna 1927 paFift Solvay Congress. Pakati peNiels Bohr naEinstein pakamuka nharo huru. Izvo zvinokonzera kuwanda kwekusanganiswa kwakashandura zvachose kunzwisisa kwechinangwa chezvinhu zvenyika.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti miviri yose inowanikwa yepurasary particles. Saizvozvowo, zviitiko zvose zve quantum mechanics zvinoratidzwa munyika yakawanda. Niels Bohr akati kana tikasatarisa Mwedzi, saka hahupo. Einstein akafunga kuti izvi hazvina musoro uye aidavira kuti chinhu ichocho chiripo pasina chekucherechedza.

Apo paunodzidza matambudziko e quantum mechanics, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa kuti nzira dzayo nemitemo zvakabatana uye hazviiti kuteerera classical physics. Ngatiedzei kunzwisisa nzvimbo inopesana zvikuru - iyo yakawanda inowanikwa yezvikamu.

Nheyo yekutengesa kwenhamba

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti firikiti yakawanda yakafanana nemvura isina chaipo, umo zvinhu zvose zvinogona kuwanikwa. Izvo zvinoshamisa zvekunyanganisa kwemazuva ekutanga kwezana remakore rekupedzisira zvakadzidzwa naEinstein, Bohr, Maxwell, Boyle, Bell, Planck nevamwe vazhinji vemafizikiki. Munyika yose yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri pasi rose, achinyatsodzidza nekuedza zviuru zvemasayendisiti.

Nyika inoteererwa nemitemo yakasimba yefizikiki

Sei kufarira kwakadaro mumatauriro emagetsi emagetsi? Zviri nyore: tinorarama nekuteerera mitemo mitemo yenyika. Iko kukwanisa "kudarika" kugadziriswa kunovhura suo remashiripiti, pane izvo zvose zvinogona kuitika. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "Schrodinger cat" inotungamirira kune vatungamiri venyaya. Izvo zvichaita zvakare kutumira teleport mashoko, izvo zvinokonzera kutengesa kwevhemi. Kuendeswa kwemashoko kuchave pakarepo, pasinei nemuganhu.
Iyi nyaya ichiri pasi pekudzidza, asi ine maitiro akanaka.

Analogy uye kunzwisisa

Ndezvipi zvakasiyana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehutachiwana, hunzwisisika sei uye chii chinoitika kana zvichiitika? Ngatiedzei kunzwisisa. Kuti uite izvi, iwe unofanirwa kutungamira rumwe rudzi rwekuongorora kwepfungwa. Fungidzira iwe une mabhokisi maviri ari muruoko rwako. Mune imwe neimwe yadzo inorara bhora rimwe rine ruvara. Iye zvino tinopa bhokisi rimwe kune cosmonaut, uye inoenda kuMars. Kana uchinge wazarura bhokisi uone kuti ruvara rwebhora rwakanyatsotarisa, uye mune rimwe bhokisi bhora richava nerwendo rwakafanana. Izvi zvichange zvakanyanyiswa mumashoko mashoma anotsanangura: chimwe chinhu chinogadzirisa chinzvimbo cheimwe.

Zvisinei, inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti iyi inongova tsanangudzo yepamusoro. Kuti uwane kuvhara kwemazhinji, zvinodiwa kuti zvikamu zvive nezvakangofanana, semapatya. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kuedza kuchakudzirwa, kana iwe usati wawana mukana wekutarisa chimwe chezvinhu.

Ndeipi kupi kunogona kuwedzerwa kuvhiringidzika kushandiswa?

Nheyo yekutengesa kwenhamba inogona kushandiswa kuparadzira ruzivo pamusoro pemarefu marefu pakarepo. Mhedziso yakadaro inopesana nedzidziso yehukama hweEinstein. Inotaura kuti nguva huru yekuparadzanisa inofanirwa chete muchiedza - mazana matatu makiromita pamasere. Uku kutumirwa kwemashoko kunobvumira kuvapo kwetereportation.

Zvose zviri munyika nderuzivo, kusanganisira nyaya. Icho chirevo chakasvikwa neanorum physicists. Muna 2008, zvichibva pane imwe nheyo yezvinyorwa, zvakange zvichibvira kuona kuwanda kwekuvhiringidzika neziso risingaiti.

Izvi zvakare zvinoratidza kuti isu tiri pamucheto wekuwana kukuru -kufamba munzvimbo uye munguva. Nguva muzvisikwa zvose yakanyatsonzwisisika, saka kufamba kwenguva pfupi pamakwikwi makuru kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwira munguva yakasiyana yehuwandu hwemashoko (zvichienderana nemafungiro eEinstein, Bohr). Zvichida mune ramangwana izvi zvichava zvechokwadi sefoni yefoni nhasi.

Etherdynamics and quantum entanglement

Maererano nevamwe vanotungamira masayendisiti, quantum kuvhiringidzika kunotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti nzvimbo yakazadzwa neimwe ether - nyeusi nyaya. Chero chipi nechipi chepakutanga, sezvatinoziva, chinogara muhupenyu hwekuzungunuswa uye cheputiki (particle). Mamwe masayendisiti anotenda kuti zvese zvinyorwa zviri pa "chando" chemazuva mashoma. Hazvisi nyore kunzwisisa. Ngatiedzei kuona imwe nzira-nzira yekubatana.

Fungidzira uri pamhenderekedzo. Mhepo ine simba uye mhepo inopera yemhepo. Unoona mafungu here? Uye pane imwe nzvimbo kure, mukuratidzira kwemazuva ezuva, chikepe chinowanikwa.
Chikepe chichava chekutanga chedu, uye gungwa richava e ether (rima simba).
Gungwa rinogona kunge richifamba nenzira yemafungu anooneka uye madonhwe emvura. Saizvozvowo, zvose zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvinogona kuva segungwa (iro rinosanganisira chikamu chechikamu) kana chepachikamu chakasiyana - donho.

Iyi iri muenzaniso wakareruka, zvinhu zvose zvakaoma zvakaoma. Zvinyorwa zvisina kuvapo kwemucherecheri zviri muchimiro chemhepo uye haine nzvimbo chaiyo.

Chikepe chichena chigadziriswa chinhu, chakasiyana nechepamusoro-soro uye sarudzo yemvura yegungwa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, pane "nzvimbo dzakakwirira" mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, izvo zvatinogona kuona sekuratidzwa kwemasimba anozivikanwa kwatiri, ayo akaumba chikamu chezvinhu zvenyika.

I microcosm inorarama nemitemo yayo

Nheyo yechipamende yakawanda inogona kunzwisiswa kana munhu achifungisisa kuti izvo zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zviri munzira yemafungu. Kusina nzvimbo chaiyo uye maitiro, zvose zvikamu zviri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Panguva yekuonekwa kwemunhu anotarisa, iyo inotenderera "inotendeuka" kuva chinhu chinosvikika kusvika kumubata. Chipiri chechipiri, ichicherechedza hurongwa hwekuenzanisa, inowana zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Ichi chinyorwa hachisi chinangwa chekudzivirira kwesayenzi yesayenzi yenyika yakawanda. Kubvira kwekunzwisisa munhuwo zvake kunobva pakuwanikwa kwekunzwisisa kwezvinhu zvakapiwa.

Fisiksi yepakutanga zvikamu zvinodzidza kusunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvese pamusana pepin (rotation) yepakutanga.

Shanduro mutauro (yakareruka) - quantum kuvhiringidzika kunotsanangurwa nemapenzi akasiyana. Muchiitiko chekucherechedza zvinhu, masayendisiti akaona kuti kunogona kuvepo chete mapoka maviri-pamwe chete uye kupfuura. Zvisinganzwisisiki sezvazvinogona kuonekwa, mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvinyorwa hazvi "kutaridzika" nemunhu anoona.

Izvo pfungwa itsva ndiyo maonero matsva enyika

Kudzidza kwe microcosm - nzvimbo yepakutanga zvikamu - zvakasimudzira mafungiro mazhinji uye mafungiro. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekugadzikana kwevheyumu zvakakonzera masayendisiti kune pfungwa yekuvapo kweyero yakawanda micro-lattice. Mune maonero avo, mumhando imwe neimwe-nheyo yekupindirana-kune yakawanda. Simba rose igero rakakwana, uye kuratidzwa uye kufamba kwezvikamu zvinokwanisika bedzi kuburikidza nemasitendi.

Kukura kwe "window" yegridhi yakadaro yakadukusa, uye kuenzaniswa nemichina yemazuva ano haigoni. Zvisinei, kuti asimbise kana kuti arambe izvi, masayendisiti akasarudza kudzidza chimiro chephotons muchigadzirwa chepakati. Chinhu chinokosha ndechekuti photon inogona kufamba kana zvakananga, kana zigzagging - pamwe chete nekutarisana kweganda. Muchiitiko chechipiri, akakunda kure kure, achapedza simba rakawanda. Saizvozvowo, ichasiyana kubva pane photon inofamba mumutsara wakarurama.

Zvichida, nekufamba kwenguva, tinodzidza kuti tinorarama munzvimbo inowanikwa pasi. Kana izvi zvingangove zvisiri izvo. Zvisinei, iyo ndiyo nheyo yechipamende yakawanda inoratidzira kuvapo kwetambo.

Muchirevo chakareruka, mumutauro wekuti "cube" iyo tsanangudzo yechiso chimwe inotakura nayo zvakajeka zvinopesana nezvimwe. Uyu ndiwo mutemo wekuchengetedza nguva yekugara-nguva.

Epilogue

Kuti unzwisise nyika yemashiripiti uye yekushamisa yenyika yefizikiki yakawanda, zvakakosha kuti tinyatsocherechedza kufambira mberi kwesayenzi pamusoro pemakore mazana mashanu adarika. Yakanga yakambove iyo iyo Pasi ine chimiro chakareruka, uye kwete chimiro chakakomba. Chikonzero chacho chakajeka: kana iwe ukatora maitiro ayo akaenzana, ipapo mvura uye vanhu havagoni kubatirira.

Sezvatinoona, dambudziko rakanga riripo pakusina kwekuona kwakakwana kwemasimba ese ari kushanda. Zvinokwanisika kuti sayenzi yemazuva ano haina maonero akakwana kwezvose zvinokwana simba kuti inzwisise chimiro chemafizikiki. Kusiyana kwezvakaratidzwa kunogadzira hurongwa hwekupesana uye zvinyorwa. Zvichida nyika yemashiripiti yemagetsi inogadzirisa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakabvunzwa.