Navigation maitiro. Marine Navigation Systems

Navigation michina iri zvakasiyana-siyana pakubhadhara uye kugadziriswa. Pane hurongwa nechinangwa dzokushandisa megungwa ezvinhu, apo vamwe vari dzakashandisa dzakafara negurumwandira vanoshandisa, inoshandisa Navigators zvikurukuru nokuda varaidzo zvinangwa. Ndezvipi rwendo hurongwa?

Chii wekushandisa?

Shoko rokuti "kufamba" ndiyo Latin mavambo. Navigo shoko rinoreva "akayangarara pamusoro chikepe." Saka pakutanga zvakanga rakapotsa kwakafanana kutumirwa kana wekushandisa. Asi pamwe pokumuka ruzivo aivabatsira riparadzirwe gwara zvikepe pamusoro munyanza, pamwe veMubatanidzwa avhiyesheni, nzvimbo michina, izwi rave yekudyidzana akawedzera kuwanda zvichibvira mhirikiro.

Nhasi, pasi rwendo kureva mutoo uyo munhu pasi zvimwe Kudzorwa, pahwaro hwayo spatial Coordinates. Kureva navhigesheni ine nzira mbiri - zvakananga kuzvidzora, uyewo paaipa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nzira chinhu.

mhando wekushandisa

The kupatsanura pakati mhando wekushandisa zvikuru yakakura. Nyanzvi Modern ziva zvinotevera huru mhando yayo:

- motokari;

- ezvemuchadenga;

- mhuka nemasaisai;

- mhepo;

- nzvimbo;

- gungwa;

- redhiyo nemasaisai;

- kwomwedzi;

- pachivande;

- ruzivo;

- inertial.

Vamwe kwemarudzi idzi wekushandisa vari titsigire - kunyanya nokuda generality yacho yaisanganisira ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, imwe motokari kufamba kazhinji anoshandisa zviridzwa zvakafanana nokuda Satellite.

Pane mhando vakavhengana umo akawanda rwokugadzira zvinhu anoshandiswa panguva dzakadai, somuenzaniso, kufamba uye mashoko enyika. Vanogona kuva kiyi, sezvo vakadaro pfuma Satellite. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira chinangwa kuvashandisa kuwanisa mapoka vanoshandisa chipfuro pamwe zvakakodzera mashoko.

wekushandisa hurongwa

The runoenzanirana mhando wekushandisa siyana, somunhu mutemo, zita iroro wegadziriro. Pane, saka, motokari kufamba gadziriro, gungwa, nzvimbo, etc. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi iri varipowo vari nyanzvi munharaunda. A wekushandisa hurongwa, maererano zvakafanana kududzira - dzakaunganidzwa-siyana zvokushandisa (uye kana zvinoshanda - uye software) inokubvumirai kuona nzvimbo chinhu, uyewo kuverenga nzira yake. The Toolkit inogona akasiyana pano. Asi kakawanda, ari hurongwa dzinoratidzwa zvinotevera zvinokosha zvinoriumba akadai:

- makadhi (kazhinji mukombiyuta);

- sensors, satellites nezvimwe dzakabatana kuti pakuverenga Coordinates;

- asiri maitiro zvinhu zvinopa mashoko pamusoro nzvimbo yomugariro kubaya;

- Hardware uye Software kuongorora Unit, mashoko kwezvavakaisa goho uye unobatanidza zvinhu zvitatu zvokutanga.

Kazhinji, nemamiriro avo kana dzimwe gadziriro dzakashandisa zvinodiwa mugumo vanoshandisa. Mamwe mhinduro anogona accentuated dzakabudirira kune yepurogiramu, kana, Ukuwo, Hardware. Somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira munyika Russian wekushandisa hurongwa "Navitel" - ichi zvikuru nyoro. Rakagadzirirwa kushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana vemo, pakuva nekuve Mobile mano - Laptops, mapiritsi, smartphones.

Navigation ne Satellite

Chero wekushandisa hurongwa achipfeka, pakutanga kwezvose, kusarudza Coordonatele ane chinhu - kazhinji nenzvimbo. Kare, midziyo yevanhu panyaya iyi yairamba hwakavandudzika. Nhasi, ari zvemberi wekushandisa hurongwa - Satellite. mamiriro avo inomiririrwa seti dzakakwirira-zvakarurama zvokushandisa, chikamu riri panyika, mumwe - hunenge rirambe riri mugwara raro. Modern kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai gadziriro vanogona kuverenga kwete chete nenzvimbo Coordonatele ari chinhu asiwo nokukurumidza uye mirayiridzo yaro kufamba.

Zvinhu kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai

The Zvinoumba nhengo hurongwa zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinokosha: Satellite renyeredzi, pasi zviumbu yakayerwa batanidza orbital zvinhu uye kupanana ruzivo navo mano kuti magumo-mushandisi (aidzidzisa), vakagadzirira pamwe zvakafanira software, mune zvimwe zviitiko - nenhumbi kuti Specification pakati Geographic coordinates (GSM-shongwe channel online, redhiyo zvikwangwani, etc.).

Sei kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai

mumwe kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai gadziriro sei? Hwaro kuvhiyiwa - kuyerwa algorithm kure kubva chinhu kusvika satellites. The yokupedzisira riri munzvimbo muchadenga dzinenge pasina kuchinja nzvimbo yake, uye nekuti nzvimbo yavo nguva dzose kuramba hama paNyika. Mune Navigator, ari runoenzanirana nenhamba dzateyiwa. Kuwana kwomwedzi uye wakati zvakabatana kwachiri (kana kuti vakawanda), kuti midziyo anosarudza, akavapindurawo, ayo nenzvimbo chinzvimbo. Nzira inokosha pano - dzemaitirwe pedaro kusvikira Satellite anotsanangura Radio wave nokukurumidza. Orbital chinhu anotumira chikumbiro paNyika pamwe chaizvo zvakarurama pamusoro nguva - rinoshandisa imwe mabhomba wachi. Kugamuchira Achipindura kubva aidzidzisa, iyo Satellite (kana boka rayo) anosarudza kure mune imwe nguva akanga nguva ipfuure redhiyo wave. Saizvozvowo, akayera velocity of chinhu - nokuyerwa iri zvishoma kupfuura kuoma chete.

matambudziko Technical

Tava takatsunga kuti kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai - zvikuru akakwana kuti nhasi nzira kuziva nenzvimbo Coordinates. Zvisinei, mashoko anobatsira kushandiswa kwemichina iyi pamwe dzinoverengeka unyanzvi matambudziko. Chii, somuenzaniso? Chokutanga, ndiwo heterogeneity ari kuparadzira rinokweva munda nyika - ichi chinobata nzvimbo Satellite hama paNyika. A yakafanana pfuma iri dzinoratidzwa mumhepo. heterogeneity Its kungaita velocity redhiyo mafungu, ndokusaka ari dzazvinogara kukura kungava malfunctioning.

Chimwe hwokugadzira chinetso - chiratidzo akatuma kubva Satellite kusvika aidzidzisa, kazhinji pavhurike nedzimwe pano zvinhu. Somugumisiro, kunyatsoshandisa hurongwa mumaguta zvivako vakareba chakaoma.

kushandiswa hunobatsira satellites

Satellite nemasaisai hurongwa vari kuwana zvakawanda mafomu. Munzira dzakawanda - somunhu chinhu zvakasiyana siyana ezvokutengeserana dzokupedza kwoutsinye nemunhu. Zvinogona kuva musha midziyo yemagetsi, uye somuenzaniso, multifunctional nhau kufamba hurongwa. Kunze rehurumende kushandiswa, zvekuvaka satellites vari vaiongorora, nyanzvi mune cartography, chokufambisa makambani, siyana ruzhinji mabasa. Vanodzidza vari kushingaira nidzwa satellites. Zvikurukuru, vanogona kushandiswa compute simba tectonic kufamba panyika kwamahwendefa. Anoshandiswa kwomwedzi navigators uye sechipiriso yokutengesa nayo - tichibatsirwa uchenjeri, umo mune nzira geopositioning, makambani kuitisa kutsvakurudza yavo mutengi chawo, uyewo Somuenzaniso, yakananga Vanosarudzwa zvokushambadzira. Chokwadi, shandisa navigators uye muchiuto - ivo, chokwadi, akatanga zvikuru kufamba mugadziriro nhasi, GPS uye GLONASS - nokuti zvinodiwa US Army uye Russia azvaitwa. Uye ichi hachisi chinhu mishoma nzvimbo apo satellites zvinogona kushandiswa.

Modern kufamba nehurongwa

Izvo wekushandisa hurongwa vari kutoitwa kusanganisira basa kana vari padariro nekutumirwa kwemauto? Ngatitange pamwe chete kuti akazviratidza pamusoro yose voruzhinji musika yapfuura pane vamwe kufamba hurongwa - GPS. yokuvaka wayo uye muridzi - Dhipatimendi US Kudzivirira. Namano kuti kukurukurirana kuburikidza GPS-satellites - rakajairika munyika. Achinyanya nekuti, sezvo takati kumusoro, US wekushandisa hurongwa kwave akasuma kumusika kwokutanga pane ayo iyezvino vakwikwidzi.

Vachishingaira kuwedzera kukurumbira GLONASS. Izvi - the Russian wekushandisa hurongwa. Nderake, uyewo Bazi Kutsigira Russian Federation. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa, maererano imwe shanduro, pamusoro chete nguva kwakaita GPS - mukupera 80 - mangwanani 90 wacho. Zvisinei, pamusika paruzhinji rave akaberekwa sezvo uno 2011. More uye zvakawanda Vagadziri Hardware negadziriso pakutevedzera wekushandisa GLONASS rutsigiro zvavanoshandisa.

Zvinofungirwa kuti chakakomba makwikwi kuna GLONASS uye GPS anogona kuita yose kufamba gadziriro "Beidou", yakatanga muna China. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo chete anoshanda yenyika. Global chinzvimbo unogona kuwana, maererano vamwe vaongorori, kubudikidza 2020, apo muchadenga satellites zvakakwana zvichabviswa uratidzwe - anenge 35. "Beidou" mamiriro kukura chirongwa achiri muduku - nayo achangobva chete zvatanga muna 2000, uye wokutanga Satellite raparurwa iri Chinese Developers 2007.

Kuedza kuchengeta vokuEurope. Rwendo hurongwa GLONASS yaro American ishamwari mune foreseeable ramangwana zvingabudirira kupinda makwikwi pamwe Galileo. Open renyeredzi rimwe satellites zvakarurama uwandu orbital zvinhu dzakabatana vokuEurope kuronga na 2020.

Zvimwewo vaizotibata zvirongwa kuti kukura rwendo hurongwa zvinogona kucherechedzwa Indian IRNSS, uye Japanese QZSS. Achitaura nevakawanda kuziviswa mashoko okutanga ruzhinji pamusoro yokuvaka vavariro kuumba munyika yose asi. Zvinofungirwa kuti IRNSS achashumira chete munharaunda India. Chirongwa zvakare muduku - the Satellite wokutanga akaiswa muchadenga muna 2008. Japanese kwomwedzi gadziriro vanotarisirwa kuti kushandiswa kunyanya National ndima nyika kana yokuvaka yakabatana nayo.

Positioning kunyatsoita

Pamusoro tinoona inoverengeka nematambudziko kuti inoshandawo nokushanda kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai enyika. Pakati chikuru, chii isu akadana - nzvimbo satellites ari muchadenga, kana kufamba kwavo zvinodiwa nzira haisi nguva dzose dzinoratidzwa Mhedziso kutsiga zvikonzero. kukarukureta ichi anosarudza malfunctioning pamusoro nenzvimbo Coordonatele muna Navigator. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chete chinoita kuti zvakarurama Positioning kubudikidza Satellite. Chiizve zvarinoita raakawana pakuverenga ari Coordinates?

Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa - avo nenguva yeko mabhomba vari yakaiswa pamusoro satellites havawanzoenda akanyatsorurama. Ivo zvinogoneka, kunyange chiduku duku, asi vachiri zvazvinoita kunaka wekushandisa hurongwa zvikanganiso. Somuenzaniso, kana apo pakuverenga nguva iyo ine nhepfenyuro chinozunguzirwa ichifamba, Moda chikanganiso pachiyero makumi nanoseconds, iyo inaccuracy iri kutsunga Coordonatele zvevhu huru inogona mamita anoverengeka. Zvisinei, muna satellites ano vane zviridzwa kuti anobvumira kukarukureta, kunyange kufungisisa zvinobvira zvikanganiso iri mabhomba wachi.

Above tinoona kuti pakati zvinokonzera kukanganisa rakarurama wekushandisa mugadziriro - heterogeneity Nyika muchadenga. Zvichava kubatsira kutsivira chokwadi mamwe mashoko ichi chokuita matambudziko ari pedo-Earth minda iri kushanda satellites. Chokwadi kuti muchadenga nyika yedu iri kuva zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Ndiye chaizvoizvo pamuganhu rusununguko nzvimbo - ionosphere - inoumbwa paiva nezvimedu vane imwe mutariri. Vari kuvhiringidza redhiyo mafungu, asi Satellite anotumira, unogona kuderedza dzichimhanya, naro kure kune chinhu kunogona dzaona pamwe kukanganisa. Cherechedza kuti vane zviri kunobva pakukurukurirana zvinetso Developers ose kuongorora zvinhu nemasaisai basa mhando iyi: mune algorithms ari orbital midziyo anowanzoshandurwa nevanopinda-siyana kwokururamisa Muchiitiko, kufungisisa dzemaitirwe pakati kwemutemo redhiyo mafungu kuburikidza ionosphere.

Makore nezvimwe ratinoona mananara kunogonawo kukanganisa rakarurama wekushandisa hurongwa. Water mhute aripo nhengo akaturikidzana enyika mumuhara mhepo, uyewo inoramba iri ionosphere, zvazvinoita kumhanya redhiyo mafungu.

Zvechokwadi, maererano epamba kushandisa GLONASS kana GPS mu murwiyo vezvikwata zvakadai, akadai rwendo nhau ino, iyo inoshanda zvakawanda zviri zvemafaro mamwe mashoko okuti diki iri rinoronga miscalculations havasi kutsoropodza. Asi kana kushandiswa uto satellites zvinoenderana Masvomhu vanofanira Zvakanakisa kuva kuhupenyu chaiyo nenzvimbo nzvimbo zvinhu.

Zvinoumba gungwa wekushandisa

Pashure kutaura kupfuura ano mhando navigation, tinoita muchidimbu karwendo kupinda kare. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, rokuti pacharo, akataura, kokutanga akaonekwa nomugungwa zvakatipoteredza. Zvii vanoonekwa ne zvomumvura kufamba nehurongwa?

Achitaura nezveanonzi chinoumba, zvinokwanisika kucherechedza shanduka midziyo panguva kurasira vafambisi vechikepe. Mumwe wokutanga "Hardware mhinduro" aiva chinongedzo, iyo runoonekwa dzimwe nyanzvi kunge yakagadzirwa muzana XI remakore. Process Mapping, kufamba sezvo kiyi zviridzwa kunowedzerawo. In XVI remakore Gerard Mercator vakatanga Map inobva panheyo pokushandisa cylindrical fungidziro zvakaenzana pamakona. Muzana XIX remakore yakanga yakagadzirwa ne lag - zvokuimba chikwata anokwanisa kuyera kumhanya zvikepe. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri ari zvombo vengarava akazviratidza radar, uye ipapo nzvimbo kutaurirana satellites. The zvemberi zvomumvura kufamba mugadziriro ikozvino kushanda, saka kukohwa zvakanakira nzvimbo ubanguranyika nomunhu. Ndezvipi chaizvo basa ravo?

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti huru aizoonekawo kunoratidzwa ano zvomumvura nemasaisai hurongwa - mureza midziyo yakaiswa mungarava, ane yakakwirira chaizvo kuramba abrasion uye mvura. Izvi zvinonzwisisika - hazvibviri anotakura pakachena swimming zviuru zvemakiromita kubva munyika, yakanga iri ezvinhu apo zvokushandisa rotsva tisingazvifungiri. Pasi, apo mukana - pfuma yebudiriro, zvose zvinogona wakaiswa, mugungwa - iri matambudziko.

Ndezvipi zvimwe chinozikamwa unhu ane gungwa wekushandisa hurongwa? Permanent zvokushandisa, kuwedzera kune fanira zvinodiwa - kupfeka nemishonga Kazhinji unotora modules dzakashandisa Kuda kutamba nevamwe parameters zvezvakatipoteredza (udzamu, tembiricha mvura, etc.). Uyewo, ngarava yacho nokukurumidza Marine kufamba enyika, kazhinji kacho vachiri asina dzaona satellites uye kugara nzira.