Ndiani Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov zvishoma

Ndiani Ivan Fedorov anoziva, zvichida nhasi ose wechikoro. Kubva kare mabhuku vana vanoziva chokwadi kuti wokutanga Russian akadhindwa bhuku akasika munhu uyu. Vanozivawo kuti akanga akararama Ivana Groznogo uye vakadzidza chaizvo munhu maererano nemitemo iyoyo. Asi vazhinji dzinonakidza chokwadi kubva paupenyu huno womungano haina dzaitaurwa zvedzidzo mabhuku. Uyewo chete sei minzwa yaiva basa Russian piyona.

bhuku rokutanga muRussia

Bhuku madzitateguru vokuRussia ano kuonana nerudo uye ruremekedzo rukuru. Asi ndianiko Ivan Fyodorov, vagari Russia, uye ipapo haana kuziva. Pashure pezvose, zvikabva yazvino bhuku akazviratidza refu asati azvarwa kuti murume. Mukutanga Middle Ages, mabhuku asina kudhindwa uye kutevedzerwa. Akaita zvikuru vakadzidziswa vanhu - nevanyori. Basa nyanzvi idzi rwakavatambudza, uye basa kwezvinhu yaiva mapeji asingasviki mana rimwe zuva.

In pakati pezana XV remakore, yokuGermany Johann Gutenberg tega chinjwa mabhii pakudhinda. kuvamba Izvi chamuita kuti kuzvarwa kubudiswa bhizimisi muEurope. Asi kutanga Moscow okudhindira imba, uye akasikwa yakanga iri pakati XVI remakore, akaita kungobva ari mamiriro. Pachake Ivan Grozny akarayira kuvaka kuti chinangwa ichi munechimwewo chivakwa, izvo, maererano conjectural data, uye Ivan Fyodorov akashanda. Pioneer briefed pamwe nezvinhu akadhindwa rakabudiswa muMoscow mumabhuku maviri chete. Nokukurumidza, akamanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo. New, mberi nzira haana kunaka Vaikopa. Uye ichi hazvishamisi, nokuti kusikwa typographic muchina kunyimwa kwavo kwainyanya mari.

In nhapwa

Wokutanga bhuku vaidhinda muRussia haana kukonzera tsitsi kwete chete pakati evanyori basa, asiwo vapristi. Last inoonekwa mune itsva nzira vemanyepo vavariro. Somugumisiro kuvaka nokumukira kudhinda, riri pamusoro Nikolskaya Street, zvakanga nomoto. Zvisinei, pane imwe shanduro maererano iyo iri moto vafundisi havana ukama. kutanga mumazuva iwayo panyaya dzose emapuranga Moscow kwakadaro. Zvino tenzi havana kuzoshinga kumbira anotyisa mambo mumwe chikwereti kuti pavakwe zvitsva wokudhinda.

Full vezvakavanzika Biography Ivana Fedorova. Muchidimbu munhu anogona kutaura kuti kwemakore akawanda aidhinda wokutanga Russian kunoitika kwete muMoscow, uye mune dzimwe nyika. Chokutanga, Fedorov akaenda Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, gare gare - kuna Lviv, uko aikwanisa kuzarura chitoro kwake norugare.

"Mupositora"

Biography Ivan Fedorov ane mugove mavara machena. Anofungidzirwa, akanga akadzidziswa Krakow. Zvisinei, kuti yunivhesiti kuwana ruzivo achisimbisa Russian nokudzidziswa piyona typographic unyanzvi.

With zvinokosha Western kudhinda European Fedorov ainyatsoziva. Asi nokuti bhuku mabhuku muRussia vanofanira kusika tsamba, uchishandisa tsika mabhuku Russian. Over bhuku rake rokutanga Fedorov akashanda rose gore. Unobatsira kana iyi inopiwa ndoku Peter Mstislavets. Bhuku akanzi "MuApostora." Font mubasa iri typographic Ndiwe aiva pretentious uye sechigaro yokuverenga. ndima imwe neimwe chinotanga guru dzvuku tsamba, rakanga kuitwa akaoma dzemaoresa vachizvikwidziridza. Mubhuku rino, munyori varipowo Links kune echiGiriki uye Venetian mapatani.

The itsva reShanduro Biography Ivana Fedorova yakapiwa. piyona muchidimbu haazvibatanidzi pamusoro zvidzidzo ake. Maererano naye, typographic uri akamudzidzisa tenzi Danish.

"Breviary"

Hazvizivikanwi nhasi, saka kana mashoko akavimbika pamusoro piyona wako dzidzo. Life izere zvakavanzika Ivana Fedorova kubudikidza mushonga makore. Asi, chokwadi, murume uyu akanga zvose ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinobatanidzwa kudhinda nguva. Piyona akakurumbira Russian aishanda muvezi typographer, nokusika pachake fonts.

Ndimi uyu munyori mabhuku okutanga Russian akanyora sechipo, akatumira kubva kumusoro. Mabasa ake vanowanzoda kuti kugutsikana pakunamata. Saka hazvishamisi kuti pakadhindwa Fedorov uye Mstislavets wechipiri waiva muunganidzwa minyengetero. "Chasovnyk" anomiririra mumwe dzokutanga mienzaniso mabhuku. Maererano nebhuku aiva muhomwe format, vana makore akawanda kudzidza kuverenga.

Biography Ivan Fedorov pfupi uchapupu nezvemabasa ake munharaunda Russia. "Breviary" raiva bhuku rechipiri uye pakupedzisira, rakabudiswa muna Moscow imba rokudhinda. Asi kutsvaka typographic Ndiwe Fedorov haana kurasa pamazuva ake.

"Evhangeri"

Nzira unhu kukuru nguva dzose yakaoma uye minzwa. Nhoroondo yokutanga bhuku-aidhinda - muenzaniso wakajeka. Biography Ivan Fedorov mupfumi zvinosuwisa. matambudziko mazhinji kumutarisira muupenyu. Asi ari nhapwa, hachisi zvishoma vakaramba pakusikwa bhuku zvaakasika. Kubva muna Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, Fedorov akakwanisa kuramba basa rake rose upenyu. Pamwe chete Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz akakwanisa kukusunungurirai "vhangeri mudzidzisi wacho."

"Psalms"

Biography Ivana Fedorova uye basa rake pamwe mazita akadai Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. vanhu ava panguva yakasiyana, vaiva shamwari murume mukuru uyu rokudhinda. "Psalms" - bhuku Fedorov yakatobuda kusunungurwa kwavo. Chodkiewicz kubudikidza iyoyo vakaguma kufarira kudhinda nemhaka yokukwegura. Mstislavets panguva kukokwa of Omani nevamwe vakatamira Vilna.

"Muapostora": Lions

Ndiani Ivan Fedorov, Lviv aiziva ose vakambovhenekerwa munhu. In Ukraine, acutely akanzwa kushaya shoko rakanyorwa. Wandering kwemakore namaguta uye nyika, Fedorov awana pfupi pokugara pano, uye nemhaka yesimba vanokudzwa vanhu vaigona kuva musangano. itsva "Muapostora" yakabudiswa guta rino. Kunyange zvazvo vomunzvimbo uye kudiwa kuti vakadzidza, imba kudhinda yakanga nokukurumidza yaparadzwa.

Munhanganyaya mishonga kuti yakapiwa kose, Ivan Fedorov kairatidza vaverengi pamusoro kutambudzwa bhuku vaidhinda kubva Moscow chechi.

"Primer"

On wokuti ndiani Ivan Fedorov, hazvibviri kupa mumwe-shoko mhinduro. Murume uyu wakajeka mufananidzo nguva yake, ndiye musiki wokuRussia rugwaro, vanobudisa bhuku rokutanga. Yakajairwa "Primer" akaona kuti ichi hunoshamisa unhu chiedza kuvonga.

Unogona kusika tsanangudzo anofungidzirwa kuti Ivan Fedorov pahwaro nhoroondo Data uye zvivako yeRussian art rokudhinda. Aiva murume kusimba nesimba uye akaoma musoro. Kusvikira okupedzisira oupenyu hwake haana kumborega basa akavhiyiwa kwete chete urongwa dzose zvokudhinda, uye kunyange mano rechiuto akakanda pfuti chaiyo. Zvinosuruvarisa ake urongwa hachina kukonzerwa kufirwa.

tirongo

Last workshop Fedorova ari mujeri guta. In kuronga izvi wokudhinda kumubatsira aiva muchinda womunharaunda, anogara akanga vairatidza kuva muna County nemagariro uye dzidzo pakati. yakakwirira shongwe rave dzinounzwa zvemusangano bhuku vaidhinda, riri pamahombekombe erwizi. Pano, tenzi akakwanisa kubudisa mabhuku anenge mashanu. Rokutanga Eastern necheSalvic Bhaibheri raiva rokupedzisira uye chikuru rokubudisa piyona Russian. kuparadzirwa Its vakapfuura makopi chiuru, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva chinhu chinokosha.

Pakugadzirira Shanduro dzeBhaibheri, yainzi "Ostrog", kwaiva kugadzira uye kuratidzwa pazvinhu dzinotaurwa fonts itsva shanu. zvikanganiso zvakawanda zviri kopi nokutumira Ivanom Groznym, sipidhi muitiro pakusika bhuku rino. Kuti vagadzirise munhu zvaida dzomuzana mumitauro yokumwe.

Pasinei ake irrepressible nechido uye rinoshamisa kushingaira, piyona wokuRussia kutsikisa akafa urombo hwakaipisisa. Akavigwa munyika yokumwe, uye mazana maviri afa munhu tombstone pamwe guva rake akanyangarika.